TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS

ROYAL SOCIETY of SOUTH AUSTRALIA

vor bG

[Wira FnowTisPIECE, Fomry-rwo PLATES, AND FIFTEEN FIGURES IN THE Texr.]

EDITED BY PROFESSOR WALTER HOWCHIN, F.G.S., Assistep BY ARTHUR M. LEA, F.E.S.

PRICE, FIFTEEN SHILLINGS

Adelaide : PUBLISHED BY THE Socrrry, Roya, Socrrry Rooms, Norta TERRACE,

DECEMBER 24, 1919.

PRINTED By Hussey & GinL:NGHAM LrwrrED, 106 AND 108, Currix STREET, ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRAL

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a M ugh the Smithsonian Institution, W f

vi.

Bopal Society of South Australia

(INCORPORATED).

Patron: HIS EXCELLENCY SIR HENRY LIONEL GALWAY, K.C.M.G., D.S.O

a sli OFFICERS FOR 1914-20.

President : SIR JOSEPH C. VERCO, M.D., F.R.C.S.

Vice=Presidents: E. ASHBY, F.L.S., M.B.O.U. MAJOR R. H. PULLEINE, M.B.

on. Treasurer: W. B. POOLE.

Don. Secretary: WALTER RUTT, C.E.

bers of Council: PROF. T. G. B. OSBORN, M.Sc. PROF. R. W. CHAPMAN, M.A., B.C.E., F.R.A.S- PROF. WALTER HOWCHIN, F. G. S. (Editor and Representative Sic or).

PROF. E. H. ey M.A., D.Sc., F.C.S. LIEUT.-COLONEL R. S. ROGERS, M.A.. M.D.

CAPT. S. A. WHITE, C.M.B.0.U.

Bon. Auditors: W. Jb WARE, JP. H. WHITBREAD.

uM EE E s

———

Page. Verco, Sir Jos. C.: Obituary Notice (Sir E. C. LEER tee 1 | BM Arr. G.: Vitality of See ae Dr. J. Burton, and fis wi: Gesu gt ian Pact: | Notes and Descriptions, No. 2. The xb am d Poly- f Pores of Australia. Plates i. to v. 11 Brack, J. copy ens to the Flora of South Australia No. 15. Tag vi. to 23 Howe, Pror. W. Ha Geological Momiksude (First Keo fibuGon) Plat ÁsHBY, Epw Pon view of the Genus Loricella (Order Polyplacophora), with Notes pA — Previously Unnoted and Description of a New Spe Plate x 59 Asngy, Epwin: Notes on ERR, Polyplacophora, Dandia i Descriptions of Two New Genera, a New riety, and the i Description and Proposed Recognition of Me Bednall’s Stenochiton pilsbryanus. Plate 66 E, Dn. R. s A e P Kangaroo Mid late cis New Species of Aganivp 74 Warre, Caer. S8. A | Notes on the Dore of a cur Remains below Mene Jones at the — Fulham, | near Adelaide 77 Howenry, Pror War tie | Ona: - WALTER : ampla Nótos on the Oc rence of Apes nal Remains discovered by Capt. S. A. White at Fulham (described i - CUM panone Paper), Sith Remarks a on the Geological Sect » Dr NEL B.: A Oe itribetinn to the Study of Ha ab. Foreman. A Clinical, Pathological, and Experimenta vestigation of a Granulomatous Condition of the Hors 85 ab € granuloma. xv.

— ES de EHMEBUR Disk: its Cypriot Origin. "Plates

Pa Cert

EUER Lau e at Cape Ñ |

Plates les xxiii. and xx v. (Communica , Lea, AnTHUR HUR M.: Notes on Some Micelles hei a, ra 166 | "Descriptions = New Species, Part v. Plates xxv. to xxvi. D, Dr. J and Epwin CHEEL grees Fangi: 262 Notes ana obit No. 3. Plates xxviii. and xxi | Did, iA The Petrology of the vA dus rn m e d of and xxxi ‘wit Leds esae ila sted by Prof. Howehin) ~- =- 316 T à Sponges H.: Australian Coleoptera, Part i J. M.: enone, to the Flora s South Australia, No. 16.

CONTENTS (CowrINUED).

Curet, Epwin: Notes on Three Species of Melaleuca. Plate xxxvii. (Communicated by J. M. Black)

Erueriver, R., jun.: The Cambrian Trilobites of PERERA d Tasmania. Plates XXXix. and pp

Asuny, EDWIN: dehors * Six New Byditaf of tile PE S be (Fou M hies and Two Callis chitons), with other "Mütes: Plates xli. and xlii

CuarMaw, Pror. R. W.: iysudal zie of Bine South Australian-grown Pine

MISCELLANEA

ÅBSTRACT OF Faoi

DONATIONS TO LIBRARY List or MEMBERS ... APPENDICES : — Field Naturalists’ Section: Annual Report, e Flo Eh Thirtieth Annual aot Shay of ave Native Les and o Protection Comm

INDEX

APO SEAE EEE KEN N N ESEA ca ITI E EEEE S A AA I EEEE

— ———————————— —— l————

THE LATE Sig E. C. Breine, Kr., C.M.G., F.R.S., M.A., M. u^ y Cantab. ), F.R.G.S., C.M. Z. S.

THE | Transactions | OF

The Royal Society oi South Australia

(Incorporated.)

Vol. XLIII.

OBITUARY NOTICE.

WITH FRONTISPIECE. : It is with profound regret we refer to the death of one = our most eminent and helpful Fellows, the late Sir E. C. rouse, Kr, C.M.G., F.R.S., M.A., M.D. (Cantab.), ees. C.M.Z.S. He was elected a Fellow on October 4, 881, a member of Council in 1882, and a Vice-President in

> , he was re-elected in 1885 a member of Council, in Di 8 Vice-President, and in 1889 he was chosen President rectly his office expired h in made

ica d appointed Lecturer on Physiology at the University e showed and explained one of his laboratory instruments, | à :

ions. e went to England in 1884 for a few months, partly to Secure the most paysiologica] observations, and these on his return he ex- ited and described to the members. mx In 1886 he showed a preparation of the genitalia of a

m other mammals. s ie ng 1889, the year of his Presidency, he was not on Moss from the gatherings of the Society, ë ad we find him

2 showing the cranium of a South Australian aboriginal pre- senting a marked resemblance to the celebrated prehistoric Neanderthal skull, and having a very ape-like appearance;

of the Province. He did not agree with Gould that it was only the nuptial dress of the: male of an ordinary teal,- but felt satisfied it was a distinct species. On retiring from the Presidential chair he read an address on '*Weissmann $

eory of Heredity," and the meeting carried a unanimous resolution that the address should be printed.

He was Chairman of the South Australian Museum Committee in the year 1884-5, and when Dr. Haacke resigned his position in 1889 Dr. Stirling was installed as Honorary Director of the Museum. This gave him free access to the valuable ethnological, palaeontological, and other

f whi

1888, and again

named, described 94 in 1891, and still further dealt with in the volume for 18 : In 1890 he accompanied Earl Kintore and a party overlan

-

collection of flora and fauna. In this way he was fortunate

mole, as well as much other material, to supply not only our dis Museum, but those in the Commonwealth and in foreign ands

In 1893 he went with a party to Lake Callabonna to

, to transport to Adelaide. By the patient industry and technical Mr. A. E. ietz they were collected, —€—« y h m,

these Dr Plete skeleton of the enormous marsupial, the Diprotodon tee i th

Zealand moas, and almost equal in size to aie For more than four years these monster tion, ànd several papers on the poer

3

features of Lake Callabonna and its fossil remains were. sub-

mitted to our Society and were printed as Memoirs, of which they naue the whole of our first volume. n

taken in Central Australia. He and Mr. Zietz dealt with all the vertebrata obtained by the Elder Exploration in 1893, and published their results in our Transactions for 189

: 95 he was appointed Director of the Museum as a salaried officer, and held this post until the end of 1912, when : he resigned (being followed by Mr. E. R. i April, 1914, was made Honorary Curator of Ethnology. Sir Edward Stirling was, perha as much interested in the

opo. : ges

P : He gradually accumulated a fine library of works : ig with its history and its aboriginals, and with the inhabitants of ad jacent islands. He collected in our Museum iem series of native skulls and skeletons, implements of

branch of science, as well as an enduring testimony to his Persevering industry and special enthusiasm. ;

: In 1898 he proposed a resolution in one of our meetings, Which was carried unani ously, “That whereas the aborigines » th Australia are rapidly disappearing, it is desirable preh inte: of science and of our successors that a com-

full ensive and enduring record of the Australian race im

lest anthropological and ethnological sense should be undertaken before it is too late." Whenever. any paper

Co ng with this subject was presented for acceptance the MIO felt it had in Dr. Stirling an expert to whom it could submitted for an estimate of its value. It is to his zeal and Pioti tha a very large number of valuable Uu e *ven unique examples of ceremonial ornaments and other

B FE

` name of Flinders Chase, as an asylum or sanctuary for our i d pl nts.

4

rarities which but for his intervention would have been lost, not only to our State, but to our nation.

As recently as 1911 he wrote a lengthy paper entitled "Preliminary Report on the Discovery of Native ains at Swanport, River Murray, with an Enquiry into the Alleged Occurrence of a Pandemic among the Australian Aboriginals. He intended to discuss later his anthropological findings from examination of the bones and skulls of more than 160 natives obtained from the Swanport burial place, but ‘‘art is long, and life is short," and this work is left for some other hand.

fast disappearing indigenous animals an és Stirling several times supported its petition by cogent argu-

d "inr the value of his contributions. The Queen of the Netherlands conferred upon him a gold medal “‘for science and art’’ afte the National Muesum of Natural History in Leyden, Holland, had been enriched by him. He was made a Fellow of the

. Jos. C. Verco, President. Evenihg Meeting, April 10, 1919.

VITALITY OF SEEDS. By Arr. G. Enqvisr. [Read November 21, 1918.]

In March, 1918, were commenced a number of experi- ments for the purpose of finding a practicable way of guia

vil, and rain. object in our investigation was to E ren. if possible, that dry grain —— could be Stored safely in an atmosphere rich in z ot nitrogen,

vals without impairing its vitality or germinating les.

report recently issued by Dr. Hargreaves, of t the try Department, has necessitated the publishing of

further evidence of tiss value of the work done by the

Way CO, AND NITROGEN WERE CHOSEN It wa aa that co, gas eld quickly asphyxiate any animal life existing in the wheat, and prevent eggs of weevil and other beetles from hatching. 2. Carbonic acid gas is easily and cheaply gen t 3. It can be ag nn E pressure and safely peabar 2 F cu of the Sta intelligent pe is tela d pi and easily manipulated by any Ein n quickly destroy the Miror of dry wheat, and therefor might prove a safe mediu Piin to store dn t from harvest time to the time pd: seodin dis = Pe hehia acid gas is heavier than air, d readily place

itr cm was chosen because it fails to support life, is daa and readily available without the use of gas-generating po 1l.— To prove whether or not dry grain

: at ethod. — A class tube closed at one end was partly filled with ad wheat A penne oft = 917. In the open end of this tube yw as sealed a straight piece of narrow glass tu bing. A retort s Stand supported the gear with the open end of the

: 6

narrow tube immersed in fresh lime-water. Every day the tube containing the wheat was lifted from the lime-water and the contents aerated for a few minutes. The water film which sometimes closed the mouth of the narrow tube was removed with blotting paper, by centrifugal force or by the passage of an air current across the open end of the tube.

Result.—So far as visible evidence was concerned, dry

dies of thirst or breathes its life away. Some seeds that we have tested lose their vitality at the end of one or two years; others, such as acacia seeds, retain their germinating quali- ties for years. The seeds of Goodia latifolia are credited with having retained vitality for 105 years. Ten years ago Pro- fessor A. J. Ewart, of Melbourne, gave me three seeds of Goodia latifolia which he said were 101 years old. One of the three was successfully germinated. : ; EXPERIMENT 2.— To demonstrate that germinating gram respires freely. . Method.—The apparatus was arranged and manipulated in every particular as in Experiment 1, the only difference

Kesult.—The lower end of the narrow glass tubing, MES extended below the surface of the lime-water, and into — orced i

the lime-water was f

nce of this result may be stated thus:—The ge of the air enclosed with the wheat was slowly absorbed by the ting i as. As fast as

ee absorbed with the formation of carbonate of lime.

. The inference.—Germinating wheat breathes freely an

T EXPERIMENT 3.—To prove that dry grain can be stored in an air-tight receptacle for a: considerable period withou ges : ' or germinating qualities of the gram-

7

Method.—On March 1, 1918, small quantities of wheat harvested in 1917 were sealed in three glass bottles—A, B, and C, respectively.

Test (1).—At the end of fourteen days the wheat in bottle A was planted on damp soil under a sheet of glass.

Result.—The grain germinated freely.

Test (2).—At the expiration of twenty-eight days the wheat in bottle B was planted on damp soil under glass.

. Result——The grain grew freely. ;

. Test (3).—On September 13, just 196 days after being el in bottle C, the grain was planted on damp soil under ass

Result.—The grain grew freely. ; Conclusion.—The result of these three trials, which mark Progress in a long series of experiments, goes to show that eat may be stored in hermetically sealed receptacles for a

considerable period without impairing its vitality.

XPERIMENT 4.—To prove that dry grain can be safely stored in an atmosphere rich in gas for considerable

Periods without injury to the vitality of the ie Method.—Small quantities of grain harvested in 1917

displaced air passed through a second tube into lime-water. The lime-water was used to test the quality of the air expelled 3 from the bott]e containing the grain. When the overflow was "ich in CO, the bottle was carefully sealed. ; Test.—At the end of fourteen days, twenty-eight days, and 196 days, respectively, the grain in the three bottles was an

Result, Bottle B.—The grain grew well after experiencing the effects of CO, gas for twenty-eight days. -

Result, Bottle C.—At the end of twenty-eight weeks t 4 grain appeared not to have suffered as a result of confinemen Mm air rich in CO,. The grain germinated freely. ——

Note.—]It will be noticed that the results of germination _ have not been expressed in percentages. To secure 4

8

percentage results it would be necessary to duplicate the experiments to an extent impracticable under the circum- tances governing work in the laboratory where 225 students are conducting two or three experiments each

EXPERIMENT 5.—To demonstrate that dry wheat may be stored for some time in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas without impairing the vitality of the seed.

were placed in three bottles—A, B, and C, respectively. In each bottle were placed two small tu e containing lime- water and the other an aqueous solution of pyrogallic acid The bottles were then carefull ime-water

clear

Test (1).—The grain from bottle A grew well w = planted on damp soil under glass. Immersion in practically pure nitrogen for fourteen days did not seem to produce any bad effects. :

Test (2).—At the end of twenty-eight days the grain from bottle B was planted on damp soil under glass. It germ- inated freely. k

T — i ttle was broken

est (3).—Through an accident the bo vet Mies

experiment demonstrated that dry wheat enclosed. in an

a period of 104 days, but will not survive an immersion !n nitrogen for more than 143 days. _ EXPERIMENT 6.— To demonstrate the behaviour of wet grain stored in an air-tight receptacle. : 7 Method.—A small quantity of wheat harvested in 191 was soaked in water for about twelve hours. It was then drained of free water, and sealed in a bottle having a few layers of wet blotting-paper at the bottom. : Result.—The grain germinated and grew freely until vas plumule became about five-eighths of an inch long and un cle carrying root-hairs had grown to a length of no quarters of an inch. At this stage of growth further develop- ment ceased. No chlorophyll] was developed in the plama Mihe they were exposed to light. The plants quickly

CO. EXPERIMENT 7 -—To demonstrate the visible effects " ~a 9n wet wheat enclosed in an air-tight receptacle.

9

Method.—A small quantity of wheat that had been soaked in water for about twelve hours was sealed in a bottle containing CO, gas. The method of charging the bottle with CO, was os same as that employed in Experiment 4.

Result.—The grain failed to germinate, but swelled to an cede size before i it died.

Inference.—Germ ating wheat is asphyxiated by CO, because of the biecioe of chlorophyll in the plumule.

EXPERIMENT 8.—To eager ee the effects of an atmo- sphere of nitrogen upon wet w

Method.—The apparatus ead "diethodi employed w similar to vum outlined in Experiment 5. In this instanoe soaked wheat was used instead of dry grain

Result.—Germination proceeded Boki. jun sufficient to show the development of the radicle and plumule rowth Ceased abruptly and the grain died. No chlorophyll was formed in the plumule.

“gps e.—Free oxygen is essential to the development

germinating seed, and also to the development of eee

SIMPLE METHOD or TESTING AIR-TIGHT BOTTLES.

Com mpletely immerse the sealed bottle in "€ that is a little warmer than the atmosphere. The air within the bottle expands, and should the bottle leak, silvery-looking air-bubbles will mark the position of the apert

CoNcLUDING REMARKS. - Vermin rae be destroyed in properly-enclosed whea stacks by the use of CO, or nitr rogen gas without damage a " E aug qualities of the grain. M Perfectly ripe, dry/ grain can be safely stored from m ES time until the time for seeding in an atmosphere rich 3. E of CO, gas and nitrogen prevents the develop- ment of eari from eggs within a properly-heated stack. 1 Any ordinary barn properly lined with asbestos sheets will = as a suitable storehouse or gas-envelope. dale e CO, gas can be generated by pouring dilu hinc acid on chips of marble or limestone. r The gas should be introduced near the top at one en A TUE stack, and the outlet pipe for the displaced air should ghey near the bottom of the stack at the other end. The escaping air should be tested with a little lime- water. When the E AME air causes the lime-water to turn

10

milky in appearance, sufficient CO, for all practical purposes has been introduced.

8. If the inlet and outlet pipes be fitted with stopcocks, the CO, gas can be drawn off at any time to permit of entrance to the barn. If both stopcocks be opened the CO, gas will drain away through the lower tap. t

9. Asbestos-covering to stacks built on stone or concrete floors is suggested, because it is fire-proof, rat and mice-

to stacks have served their purpose, the material could be sold or used for building purposes. Less durable materials are more costly in the long run. : 1 10. Cracks and joints can be made gas-tight with a sus mixture of finely-ground pipeclay and raw lins 1l. 11. Asbestos sheets can be made in the State from local deposits of the mineral.

11

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI: NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS. No. 2.-THE SCLEROTIA-FORMING POLYPORES F AUSTRALIA.

By J. BURTON CLELAND, M.D., and Epwin C#EEL, Botanical Assistant, Botanic Gardens, Sydney.

. [Read April 10, 1919.].

Puates I. to V.

t ow any alveolar arrangement. So far we have not obtained Tulting bodies of this.

he forms with false sclerotia have a deeply-situated mycelium which penetrates and surrounds sand and small

Stones, com mes

pacting them ther into a ;

C ormous. One F these is Tüsciec yall basilapiloides, the Stone-making fungus," and the other is the fruiting body

We have had an opportunity of examining the type of the former in the reiecit of the University of Adelaide, and find it is closely allied to, but apparently not identical

» a specimen we recently collected that seems to be the

12

latter species. We find from an examination that L. Meet piloides does not belong to the section Amaurodermus, Lloyd, from its viri Pope, was led to believe, but probably to the section Ovinu

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We wish to express our indebtedness to the following for their hie in affording us facilities for examination of

the s neis contained in the collections under their care:— o Mr. J. H. Maiden, L.S.O., F.R.S., of the National Hasietiud. Sydney. To Mr. R. T. Baker, of the Technological Museum, Sydney. o Professor Sir W. B. L opnar, C.M.G., F.R.S., of the National see Melbou s. W. Laidlaw, Biologist, and C. C. Brittlebank, Plant Pathologist, : the Department of Agriculture, Science Branch, Melbou To the Baird of Governors of the Public Library, Museum, and Art Gallery of South Australia; and to Mr. Edgar R. Waite, Curator of the South PEER Menu. To Professor T. G. B. Osborn, of the University of Adelaide. To Mr. A. G. Hamilton, for the photographs in pl. V^ figs. 1 and 2.

PoLYPORES WITH TRUE ScLEROTIA. Peas drei mylittae, Cooke and Massee: Grevillea, 7 (1892).

: e aird by Peli ws in 1839. It is also recorded 1 he C. Cooke’s Handb. of Austr. Fungi, No. 1351, udi the

mens with fructification, and forwarded them to M. C. Cooke, who identifed them as a P

13

sclerotia may attain, we may mention that W. H. Breton EBD. d.d, p. 463, 1846) refers to a specimen of ** Black- fellow’s Bread” weighing 254 lb. J. H. M

Gaz., N.S. Wales, iv., p. 909, 1893) states that A. P. Miller,

measured 241 in. in circumference and weighed Ib. 14? oz. when fresh. He also mentions another Tasmanian specimen weighing 14 lb. (Tas. Cat., Exhib., 1851).

In the National Herbarium, Sydney, there are quite

Wallangarra (F. Jaeger, September, 1912); Epping (J. ole, January, 1915); Sassafras, via Nowra (R. C. Sturgis, B

Section only; Upper Ferntree Gully (J. M. Griff 1901) Tasmania—Haweah, Bellerive (Miss Murphy, J uly,

s following are in the Technological Museum, ydney :—( 1) Sporophore (pl. i.), now quite velvety on pileus and stem, whitish. Pores di i :

e , surface. Cut surface alveolar, walls of alveoli white, ‘polygonal area about 5 mm. m diameter, waxy-yellow.

k (2) Another sclerotium is wrinkled with an earthy-brown cuticle, which is thin and peeling ofi.

14

The following specimens are in the South Australian Museum, in.the ponant set apart for exhibiting the foods of the aborigin als:—

(3) Sclerotium when fresh probably about 9x6x3 in. After arrival at the Museum it began to develop a po The upper-surface of this abortive fructification is pitted, fro the specimen having been lying on perforated zinc. The surface is now dull white with slight brownish stains and finely villous. The pileus is very distorted. ea, foe whitish pores have formed. Spores were not seen earthed at the cyanide works of the Tasmanian Tailings Syndicate, Middle Arm Channel, River Tamar, Tasmania psv y Mr. Clement Phillipson, 1906 (Mus., No. 182).

An irregular sclerotium, 3x4 in. G. F. Thorp, 1899 (Mus, o. 183).

(5) Scler otium, 4x3x2 in. a at Myponga ' dE 2 ft. underground near a gum tree in wet and cup. sol 27/7/04. Advertiser Office (vide Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Aust)" (Mus., No. 181

(6) A sai distorted sclerotium, 4 im. long. Professor Tate, Victoria (Mus., No. 184).

The ee is in the Herbarium of the University of Adelaide:

7 im apparently about 6 in. across when POI doom ii^ Delow the vesci in mallee Damen country, Denial. Bay district, South Australia. Presented il Mr. J. W. S. Mann, Saddleworth, South Australia, 15/10/

The following are in the Melbourne oan Museum :—

(8) A large specimen from Toonga

(9) A specimen from the Pride of Stranger's Mine, Yackindal.

Dr. F. Stoward has found the sclerotium of this a in Western Australia. By his kind permission, we are 4 to reproduce his excellent photographs of this (pl. ii.).

82. Polyporus minor-mylittae (* M t australis ed Berk., in Jour. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), vol. xiii., p. 175 [1873]

e adopt this name for what we regard as a distinct

species, which may be scs septa by the malian sclerotium and a different ssa sporophore. It has already : recorded by one of us n. Soc. N.S. Wales, vol.

n Proc. Lin i s

xxxviii, p. 170 70 (1913), and also by C. G. Lloyd in ie No. 58, pp. 2 -— 5 (1915), Note 269; and Mycol. Notes, No. 39, P- M. ex 8 15). j Pileus (pl. Bh) 3-7 em. across with a sulcate, sinite X

“surface, raw ' umber (brown). Flesh usually dry»

15

subligneous, usually in two layers, each 1 to 3 mm. thick, the upper rich cream to light brown, the lower white. Stipe mesopodial, 5-15 mm. thick, 2-6 cm. long. Pores small, roundish or irregular, 2 to 3 mm. long. Spores abundant, cylindrical, 2x6 TN hyaline, smooth.’’—Lloyd. We have

less than the size of peas, while other sclerotia are eps, varying in size from 2 to 7 cm. in

ter. Some specimens dug up out of the ground at “Hil Top in February, 1913, show the formation of several minute sclerotia varying in size from 2x 4 mm. to á attached by ide rhizomorphs to decaying Eucalyptus stumps. The of specimens show that the spores germinate in vodiat Fo and that the hyphal strands absorb nutrient matter from decaying stumps, ultimately forming the sclerotia. In other specimens the sclerotia are soft and Spongy, and are being exhausted for the purpose of forming the Sporophore, as the surrounding soil is traversed by a mass of branching mycelial cords forming an indefinite AETR

by th

Sporophores, in various stages of development en l

to mycelial cords arising from the sclerotia, have m examined from the following localities in New South Wales:— Killara and No ydney ( i May, 1904, and

2e 1905); Hill Top, Main Southern Line (E. C.,

$ are also specim ens of air pnt in the

Sia Recher: rium, Sydney, unattached to their sclerotia, Si the following localities: —Barber's Creek (J. H. Maiden, ecember, 1897); Wahroonga (W. c ver

He: (Miss M. R. Otton, Mor 1905); Hurstville ac } June, 1910); Hornsby (P. Williams, April,

OTHER SCLEROTIA. In addition to the above we have also examined several remarkable sclerotia, but so far their fruiting bodies have im emus They consist of:— ii) de very large sclerotia (pl. 11), somew Tesembling those of P. mylittae, found by W. Griffin, of Hurstville, rbd n the western suburbs of

\

16

Sydney, in the early autumn. The largest of these was roughly spherical, 6x5 in., and weighed 6 lb. 12 oz. The outer-surface was of a reddish- -clay colour, irregularly fur- rowed and finely reticulated. On section there was an outer hard reddish crust, 4 in. thick in places. Inside this the sclerotium consisted ‘of a greyish mycelial mass arise irregular whitish strands in places. Attempts were made get the sporophores to develop, but a whitish mould- like growth alone appeared

84. Sclerotia like worm-castings Specimens of these are in the Botanical Department at the University of Adelaide from W. H. Jackson, Robe, South Australia, September, 1912, and A. Trezize, Robe; ' and others in the South Aus-

thick, 2x1 and are irregularly ringed an se very closely resembling earthwo asts. nstrictions

etimes eeply in, so as to n adjacent portions attached by a quite narrow n substance is hard,

S. H McMillan, Chemist. Mount Gambier, September, 1912. dismnelpr; somewhat flattened | spheroid in

translucent quartz. i n the South Australian Museum, in the section

tralia. Presented by Mr. E. J. Warman” (Mus., No. 185). This sclerotium appears different from any 2 irs others we have seen, but is considerably decayed. It a somewhat pear-shaped light mycelial mass, splitting and * irregularly iius ate, apparently composed of mycelium and redd! ish san

oe WITH FALSE SCLEROTIA. porus tumulosus, Cooke: Grevillea, xvii., P- 55 qo); Eros Austr. Fungi, No. 586; Baker: Proc. Linn. ales, xxii., p. 238 (1897) ; Cheel : ibid, xxxvi, : p iT a ie: Lloyd : Synopsis Sect. Ovinus of srt and S f Stipitate Polyporoids, pP- Lade ion (19 12). meme ra) tipi a oly po The pter: description i is given in Cooke's Handbook: "Pileus fleshy (3-4 in. cde i firm, convex, clad wih darker innate scales, margin at first incurved; flesh W white;

17

stem short, thick, equal (1-2 in. x 1 in.), solid, ochraceous;

mycelium profuse, white, forming a dense mass at the base;

tubes adnate, or a little decurrent, broad; pores large,

coher angular, spores 12 x 45 p, pale olive. On the ground, nsland.’’

Lloyd (1.c.) states that this is known from but one col- lection made in Australia, and preserved at Kew (England). “It is quite a distinct thing with a pileus resembling in some respects that of Polyporus betulinus. It has a soft, white flesh and a thin, papery, smooth cuticle. The stems are short, thick, and mesopodal. They are so covered with adhering dirt that it cannot be told whether or not they belong in the section with black stems. The pores are large, irregular, and apparently have turned black in drying. Spores hot found e.” In a footnote in the same work Lloyd

regular pores, were found arising from one of these masses. Mr. R - Baker has also recorded (7.c.) this species from Specimens collected by Mr. W. Bauerlen at Lismore. In March, 1915, a fine sporophore, together with a conglomerate r ll of earth and mycelium, was collected at Casino by Mr.

trier. Mr d, Lalchere, of Wingham, Manning River, also collected portions of earth and mycelium, similar to the above, in July, 1916. The following two collections, though Ex Pilei have glabrous surfaces, perhaps belong to the same les as the preceding :— : (1) Pileus old and partly decayed, 2 in. across, ting Oy pd apparently slightly infundibuliform, smooth, pallid, ToWnish, with blackish

.. Pallid, much decayed. Stem 5 in. long, buried in the ground

18

except for about 1 in., about 2 in. thick, slightly irregularly nodular, slightly bent. Attached to a 1 irregula mycelial mass, several inches long, composed of sandy particles and pieces of sandstone loosely agglomerated by mycelium, apparently confined by a thin reddish-brown crust. Spores white, elongated, shaped like typical Boletus spores, 10'4 x 3'4 to 4 p. Milson Island, Hawkesbury River, March, 1916. (2) Pileus 2 in. in diameter, convex, smooth, pale

narrower irregular root 1} in. long, black on the outside (? from the soil) and white within. In a dry swamp attached to a large circumscribed mass 7 x4x3 in. in size, composed of black sandy soil held together by whitish mycelial threads,

ut without a crust pores elongated, rather like those of Boletus, white, 12 to 165x42 to 5 p. Narrabeen, March,

(section Amaurodermus) basilapidioides, Lloyd: Syn. Ovinus of Polyporus, S de. 1911, and Syn. Stipitate Polyp-> p. 115 (1912).

. . McAlpine and Tepper described this species and placed itin a new genus Laccocephalum. The characteristics of this genus are that the plants are hard and woody from that the pileus is peculiarly pitted, and that the

. and Teppe Too, Roy. Soc. Vict., vol. vii., (w.s.) p. 166 ik x.), 1894; gf dS à d

orm

ilu fe ia. Though hard and woody to touch extern- rem a the stem of one of the i wm .-Ammed was, though firm and resistant, velvety :

19

surface of the pileus alone. We have examined the type, as well as three other false sclerotia, one with a pileus, in the

The following are in the Herbarium of the University of Adelaide :—

JJ a mycelium into a firm mass, which can, however, be dis- Integrated into particles by scratching with the finger. From South-eastern District of South Australia (A. Molineux). . _ (2) Pileus 28 in. in diameter, convex, slightly depressed in the centre, slightly fibrillose, no pitting, dirty white with greyish areas from weathering. Pores a p ach than | t specimen. Stem in. high and j in. thick. False daten irregular, somewhat Dopod: 23 in. high, liin. broad. Allawoona, Brown Hill Line, May, 1914 (S. G.

Taylor, engineman, Murray Bridge).

(3) and (4) Two false sclerotia; localities not noted. The following, in the South Australian Museum, have Been: ined by us:—

_ (9) Pileus 2 in. across, deeply convex, pallid white from weathering, the surface areolarly pitted in a very shallow way, the alveoli 4 in. in diameter, the septa with thin edges. Pores “cnate, medium small. Stem § in. high, 1 in eiae urbs

20

false sclerotium 24 in. high and 2 in. wide. Loxton District, 19/10/14 (Mr. H. R. Parnell, Librarian, Public Library).

(6) Pileus 1$ in. across, with indistinct alveolar mark- ings, and in the centre several irregular pits, pallid white from weathering. Pores adnate, medium size, pallid brownish. Stem } in. high, 1 in. thick in the middle, a little thickened upwards and downwards. False sclerotium irregular, 14x1} in., a piece of Mesembrianthemum embedded in it. Locality not noted. (Mr. Jas. R. Beck, ““Kircaldy,’’ Wyandra.)

(7) This is the freshest specimen we have seen. Cap 2 in. across, convex, edge rather inturned, smooth, rather polished, showing small alveolar depressions, sometimes indicated merely by raised darker lines, irregularly tinted with chestnut to yellow-brown. Pores adnate, medium sized, pallid-biscuit tinted. Stem } in. high and 4 in. thick, the colour of the pores, rather sand incrusted, apparently slightly irregularly pitted as if from the presence of aborted pores; flesh of the stem firmish, villous to touch. False sclerotium 1j in. high, 11 in. broad, composed of sand bound together by mycelium, easily disintegrated by scratching.

(8) Pileus 5 in. across, with the centre depressed and the

irregular tuberculate projections mar o gg depression from the plane surface of the cap, colour du white from exposure s rather small. Stem ł in. hig

and broad. False sclerotium irregular, 3 in. broad and 14 in. high. (Presented by Mr. H. E. Ellis, Kensington Park, Adelaide.) :

, By the kind permission of the Board of the Public Library, Museum, and Art Gallery of South Australia, an the courtesy of the Museum Director, Mr. Edgar R. Waite, we are able to show photographs (pl. iv.) taken under Mr.

_(9) Pileus 3 in. across, slightly convex and wavy, centre

a little ap reg , slightly irregularly rugose and shallowly T ooth, ie T d

Tod colo 3 in. thick and broad, finely len pale wood colour. False sclerotium 3 in. hi h irregular an knobby, composed of pallid browns

d ra Sandy particles welded tozeth. ily disintegrated by ere FID ie gether, easily disinteg AUN. Spores white, elongated, 12 to 155 x5 p- Lake Alexandrina, South Australia. (Mr. J. A. Burrough.)

21

The following are in the Museum of the Department of Agriculture, Melbourne:—

(10) Pileus 4 in. across, slightly convex, edge irregu- larly crenate, rather alveolate, pallid whitish. Pores adnate, brownish. Stem 3 in. high and broad. False sclerotium 4 in. high, 3 in. broad, outer crust hard, the inside capable of being scratched away. Locality not stated.

(11) Pileus 2 in. across, glazed whitish with fine anas- tomosing lines. Pores adnate, pale brownish. Stem ł in. high, 4 in. broad, brownish, finely areolate. False sclerotium 2 in. high, 4 in. broad.

(12) Three small false sclerotia, all from the mallee, Victoria.

The following is in the Melbourne National Museum :—

(13) “Mallee Potato." Sand held together by fungous threads ; ploughed up at Nyall mallee; forwarded by Mr. Thomas J. Jenkins, 21/6/11.

The following is in the National Herbarium, Sydney :—

(14) One false sclerotium, somewhat bottle- gourd

* r. Marks reported that these false sclerotia are usually found in sandy soil at a depth of 4 to 6 in. ey are brought up to the surface during the ploughing oper- ations, and when first unearthed the specimens are somewna soft, but harden upon exposure to the weather. Other false sclerotia have been found near Grafton and at Casino. Similar specimens were submitted to the Chemical Branch, Department of Agriculture, and the following is a copy of * report made by Dr. H. I. Jensen:—‘‘The specimen of

carbonates of lime or iron, the cementing material seeming be essentially fibres of organic matter. The exterior a andy crust, in which rather more oxide of iron has bee i 3

than in the more organic core.

22

89. In these Proceedings (vol. xlii., 1918, p. 297) Mr. Walter Howehin on behalf of the Museum Director, exhibited and described a sand-cementing false sclerotium obtained near Balaklava by “the Rev. J. Blacket. To make this series complete, by the kind d ovis of the Board of the Public Library, Museum, and Art Ga mer of South Australia, and = Suy of the en Director, Mr. Edgar R. Waite able to is jo ea an excellent Bn maie of this pac pial (fig. 3, pl. v.).

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES I. ro V.

Prate I.

Fig. 1. Polyporus mylittae. a of part of a water-

colour Ue made by Mr. R. T. Baker, of the sporophore

hi Reduced "by half b

. Fig. 2. Polyporus minor-mylittae. Water-colour sketch by

Miss P. Clarke. ‘Natural size. d PrarkE II. sb ok ie F l and 2. Polyporus mylittae. Photographs of t

eelerotium of a Western Australian specimen, reprod — by kind

permission of Dr. F. Stoward. Measurements in inches

eda ibed i rig i land 2. Photo Hes cared sd one of the sclerotia descri under 83. Measurements in inch

Prate IV. n] bese s. Polyporus (Lac PERS um astia Reproduced by ipie tind m of the Board d Lun Public Library, um, llery of South Austra

PLATE v. Fig. ^ Polyporus minor-mylittae. Sporophores just nay vie’ Fig. 2. Polyporus minor-mylittae. Sporepbors: | partiy co deve pee owing partial absorption of the sc a sh eget aei ig. 3. Photograph of the false a dig referr Reproduced by kind nd permission of the Board of the Public Library, “Museum, Sd Art Gallery of South Santali.

23 ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA. NO

By J. M. BLACE. [Read May 8, 1919.] Prates VI. ro VIII.

E This pa per contains notes on specimens collected by Mr. H. Ising in the Flinders Range, near Moolooloo head station, SW oca

Mr. H. W. Andrew, and others in dn parts of the State; and by myself during an excursion along the Pin- naroo railway in October last.

Three peces bene eved to be new to science—K oc

descri “and Briod. A new variety ¢ of Hibbertia virgata is

Australian species of alunni ose and Micr

_ The following Australian species a gow’ for the first time in this cca oranthus i ade a Microcybe multi- flora, Stipa arachn , Dodonaea cuneata, Marsilia hirsuta, Goodenia Wicholeones.” ' Eucalyptus M orrissi, Calamagrostis

"The following new aliens are recorded : —Gasiridium endigerum, Eragrostis major, Ehrharta d od. Chenopodium ulvaria, Anacyclus radiatus.

MARSILIACEAE.

Marsilia hirsuta, R.Br. Pinnaroo; gro wing in mars: rshy pound. pe previously recorded for South Australia. a 4-6 mm. long, more or less villous below; involucres

ous, sessile or almost so

PINACE Callitris verrucosa, R. Br. Tomsk (S. A. White) ; scrub South of Lameroo. A shrub or small tree, often under 2 m.

' y high. robusta, R. Br. Common near Lameroo; à ds are 82, usually with the stem bare up to about 5 mM., e washes then spreading so as to form an ovoid head. Enfield, ^" D ri sometimes slightly w: warted. uds ua, R. Br. In the "Pinery, " on the road from oe Tamer wa to Winnike Berick. A good-sized tree, tree, the branches

24

often springing not far from the ground. The fruits vary in size on the same tree, and can sometimes be found scarcely larger than those of C. robusta.

GRAMINEAE.

Eriochloa punctata, (L.)., Hamilt. Frome River. near

Marree (Hergott). appophorum avenaceum, Lindl. Common at Marree.

Eragrostis falcata, Gaud. non Benth. (E. Har F. v. M.). Berri, Lake Bonney, and other places along T Murray; Everard Range (S. À. White). Plate 25, Mes accompanies Gaudichaud's description of Æ. falcata, and whic d shows the spikelets distinctly pedicellate, rather distant, s: not clustered, supports the statement in Diels et enn Fragm. . Austr. occ. 76, that the original specimen o Gaudichaud’s plant, preserved in the Berlin penso belongs to the species described in the Fl. Aust., vii., 649, as E. lacunaria, F. v. M. s .

E. Dielsii, Pilger. (E. falcata, Benth. non Gaud.). Berri and along the Murray; des Cockburn) ; Strzelecki Creek (S. A. White); also Broken v N.S.W P

lets more curved. . major, Host. Roadside near Berri (C. G. Ravi

This European grass has already been recorded in depen

and New South Wales. It is said that cattle will not eat 1 :

account of the obnoxious smell of the leaves when ire, Ti

in North America it is known as *'Stinking grass. In T :

- minor is a smaller plant, with a looser panicle, d spikelets (14-2 mm. broad), and the leaf-sheath is P with tubercles, many of which ca long hairs. a i J

r

hyaline inner ones, and a palea. It therefore appears P s able that the second outer glume of the sessile spikelet bet but is adnate to, and obliterated in the rhachis, as descri

25

by Kunth (Enum., i., 464). Allthe pedicellate spikelets which I examined contained a bisexual flower, the same as the sessile ones.

Stipa arachnopus, Pilger in Engl. Jahrb., xxxv., 70 (1904). Nullabor Plain (per Dr. R. S. Roge Peter- borough; Enfield; Pinnaroo. Our specimens me to agree with the description in all particulars except that the awn varies in length from 34 to 7 cm. The numerous young shoots in the tuft consist of subulate, rigid, almost pungent- Pointed leaves, hispid with spreading hairs. From among these arise the nodeless stems to a height of 30-40 cm., includ- ing a panicle 15-20 cm. long; the long uppermost leaf-sheath, which has a subulate blade much shorter than the sheath, usually clasps the base of the panicle; the awn is distinctly hairy in the lower part. If the determination is correct, this is the first record for South Australia of this Western Aus- tralian grass.

Agropyrum scabrum, (Labill.), Beauv. Ferguson Gorge, near Moolooloo (Dist. S; E. H. Ising).

Stipa scelerata, Behr. Scrub at Enfield (Dist. A). " Danthonia penicillata, (Labill.) F. v. M. Pinnaroo (Dist.

rs) ;

, Panicum leucophaeum, H. B. et K. Golden Grove pos. A; H. W. Andrew). Probably introduced by stock Tom some northern part of the State

the ou

native of Southern ced in Texas, California,

26

*Ehrharta villosa, Schult. f., var. maxima, Stapf. Sand dunes south of Glenelg (S. Dixon); Clarendon; Streaky Bay, E.P. (per H. W. Andrew). A valuable sand-binding grass; flowers October-November. Introduced to the State in recent years, and has established itself in several places. The identification was confirmed by the Kew authorities. A native of South Africa.

SOUTH AusTRALIAN SPECIES OF CALAMAGROSTIS. Panicle loose; bristle present.

Flowering glume hairy, half as long as the

[n glumes; awn attached near middle of 3 1

.. C. aemula

in lume glabrous; awn attached below ; iic middle ; pum. i re Erlkp iue Sang rer, Me Billardiert Panicle dense or slightly lobed; flowering glume

arly as long as outer glumes, '

Awn almost b. : adsisetà DON abet o c Fo S c0 pecan EUN presant . i X. Lesen sees Var, mon

Awn attached near middle of flowering

ume. Bristle absent .

Bristle present. dia The arguments for unitin

the spikelet), but some of them have a hairy bristle (ater or an obsolete second flower) rising at the base of the Logis and continuing the rhachilla (Deyewzia), while others ha" no such bristle (Calamagrostis). The remaining differen der however, are not such as would justify a classification Um distinct i i d

1-4 mm. long, 4-toothed, dt , _ minutely scabrous; awn almost basal, usually shortly ex ding but sometimes included ; tuft of hairs more or less surroun us the callus; grain fusiform, 2 mm. long, the membrano : pericarp loose'toward the summit; hilum shortly linear. I «have only inserted this

inserted this variety because Bentham gives it for

21

Herbatia. Professor Ewart, in reducing D. montana to a variety of D. quadriseta, says (Vict. Nat., xxiv., 13), ''These ecles are both very variable and run into one another at all points. ”? C. minor (Benth) combin. nov. (Deyeuzia minor, Benth.). A new record for South Australia. I have only

Var. densa, (Benth.) combin. nov. ( Deyeuxia densa, Benth.). Blackwood (H. Griffith) ; Crafers (Tate Herbarium); : quoted in the Fl. Aust., vii., 582, for ''Lofty Ranges and

as long as the palea; grain fusiform, 2 mm

oue anian specimen than in ours. If it were proposed to

s grass as a species in Calamagrostis, a new specific e x S apparently be required, because C. densa, Vasey - Bot. Gaz i i i

2s be able to claim priority over C. densa (Benth.) aiden et Betche, Cens. N.S. Wales, pl. 21 (1916).

; CYPERACEAE. © a Carex Bichenoviana, Boott. Paradise (H. W. Andrew). mele branches sometimes 2 instead of 3. Mr. R. A. Black of this (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1916, p. 145) the re-discovery Le Pant in a damp situation on Mount Direction, near

y Cyperus tenellus, Li Monbulla scrub, S.E. (Dist. T; i ag Ww. Andr eu y: i T i M

28

Carex tereticaulis, F. M. Ferguson Gorge, near Moolooloo (E. H. Ising). Approaching C. chlorantha, R. Br. in its short panicle (5 cm. long), spike-like but interrupted towards the base, and tending towards C. appressa, R. Br., in its subtrigonous stems Ks leaves scabrous on the margin

n the narrow upper portio

CENTROLEPIDACEAE. Centrolepis polygyna, Hieron. Soak at Winnike Berick, south of Lamer J UNCACEAE. Juncus holoschoenus, R. Br. Monbulla scrub (H.

ur speci mens ee vith Brown’s characters—stem oylindria

Gully; fon Gully: Myponga; stuart Woodside; Mount Gambier; Glencoe; Dismal Swamp. This epee as correctly defined, has a always 6 stamens; capsu ule 3-4 mm. long, qus coloured and usually exceeding the perianth “considerably; stems stout, with continuous pith.

LILIACEAE. Thysanotus Patersonii, R. Br. Pinnaroo (Dist. M).

CASUARINACEAE. Casuarina Luehmannii, R. T. Baker. “Bull Oak. r” Few miles h of roo. Tree 8-10 m. high, with roug?» brown bark; lowest branches d g, uppermost spreading”

ground ; ee eres to x mm. long; young cones tomen A ophloia, F. v. M. Oodnadatta (Dist. C); W- Cannon); esos | teeth 9- 11. Willigin Water, near Mooloo v H. Ising); teeth 11-12. C. lepidophloia we dba byF s. ud! in x - Bentham, in dealing W! f this genus in 1873 (Fl. Aust., vi., 196), placed specimens o C. lepidophloia under C. glauca, Sieb. Mueller distinguishes the former species as having 9-10 sheathing teeth ; G: atts as now understood, “having usually 15 in the whol, varying from 12-16" (J. H. Maiden, For. Fl. N.S. Wales, ii., 95)- Mr. Maiden is of opinion that C. glauca has not yet beer

29

found in South Australia, but a specimen without fruit, which I collected in the Yappala Hills, near Hawker, from trees locally called “Black Oak,” has the branchlets fully 2 mm. m diameter and 14-16 teeth. Unfortunately I have no note

of C. lepidophloia are greyish or hoary with a minute pubescence, 1-14 mm. in diameter, and readily separating at

: C. suberosa, Otto et Dietr. Lameroo. Sheathing teeth -6, short and appressed ; male spikes 1-4 cm. long.

PROTEACEAE. Hakea ulicina, R. Br., var. flexilis, F. v. M. South of meroo

H. Ednieana, Tate. Witcher Well, near Moolooloo (E.

H. Ising).

Grevillea aspera, R. Br. Mount Patawurta (Dist. S; E. k Ising).

Adenanthos terminalis, Labill. Coonalpyn. (Dist. T; H.

LORANTHACEAE. Loranthus miraculosus, Miq. (L. pendulus, Sieb., var. parviflorus, Benth.). Robe (S. A. White); Port Vincent .P. (growing on Melaleuca parviflora); Ooldea (S. A. arte. Leaves 1-6 cm. long, thick, nerveless, oblanceolate ; € central flower in each partial cyme is sessile; corolla 15-20 mm. long. SANTALACEAE. Se Ezocarpus spartea, R. Br. Scrub at Enfield; Murray 3 nb; 90-Mile Desert. An erect broom-like shrub, usually S high, the ultimate branches drooping ; pedicels at first

* POLYGONACEAE. * Muehlenbeckia stenophylla, F. v. M. Common in the ns-Murray scrub at Karoonda, Lameroo, and Pinnaroo.

Y CHENOPODIACEAE. lon nia Cannonii, nov. sp. (tab. vi €ntosus, ramis di-trichotomis, foliis aut omnino a E^ fis oblongis crassis obtuse trigonis 7-8 mm. 79 mm. latis apice acutis et recurvis vel fere uncinatis,

.). Fruticulus sericeo-

ut fere ongis floribus

30

axillaribus, perianthio fructifero depresso, tubo brevissimo, lobis latis planiusculis . pubescentibus alâ integrá annulari membranaceá horizontali 5-6 mm. diam. circumdatis.

Plain west of Leigh Creek (Copley) railway sation (W. Wii

of some of the small-fruited EX villosa, Lindl Dedicated r . Cannon, of the Carnegie Institution of Washingto ment of Botanical Research), w

fruits, collected near Port Augusta. x: eriantha, F. v. M. Leigh,Creek (W. A. Cannon).

Leaves to 14 mm. long and appearing flat when dried, when fresh I have found them rather cigar-shaped and very slightly compressed. They differ from those of A. sedifolia in being shortly, but distinctly, petiolate.

Chenopodium microphyllum, F. v. M. Mount Patawurta (Dist. S; E. H. Ising). a

*Chenopodium Vulvaria, L. “Stinking Goosefoot. Tantanoola District, 1918; epe A in gardens and MN

i pean wW , 5

tinguished by its unpleasant and persistant smell of stale fish, has ly bee

qon arp 908; C. Moore deaf EM tion it in his FI. N.S. Wales (1893), or F. M. Bailey in Weeds, etc., of Queensland (1906).

PHYTOLACCACEAE C arpus pyramidalis, F. v. M. Ferguson wem ‘Rear Moolooloo (E. H. Ising). Fruits ripe (October 9). Gree: 5 m. high, with straight, smooth trunk; branches

-

Ue n NYCTAGINACEAE. 3 H na repanda, Willd. Parachilna Gap (E. B- —

31

heraa Scleranthus minusculus, F. v. M. Pinnaroo. This little plant, although well protected te its pungent leaves and calyx- lobes, appears to be rather rare. I o found one mones. t has previously been recorded pr fie Murray nage.

g

S. pungens, R. Br. Moolooloo (Dist. S; E. H. Ising).

*Moenchia erecta, Gaertn. Blackheath, near Harrogate (H. W. Andrew). Already recorded from the South-East.

*Lychnis p". Mill. (L. eee: Sibth.). ‘‘White

not previously jy ras in this State.

*Silene venosa (Gilib.), Aschers. ‘‘Bladder Campion North Park Lands? fields near Enfield, as well as in the ais The principal eee of this species are :—

Cucubalus Behen, L. Sp. pl. 414 Grey : t

C. venosus, Gilibert. Fl. lituan., i "165 (ite 1782). 09 (1794

} Moe de

Cucubalus inflatus, Salisb. Prodr. 302 (179 6).

Silene Cucubalus, Wib. Prim. fl. wea 241 (1799).

S. inflata, Sm. Fi. brit. ii. 467 (1800

S. Behen, Wirzén. Enum. pl. offic. Fen

El Lines FL Hunde t 86 (864).

S. vulgaris, Garcke. Fl. Deutschl., ed. 9, 64 (1869). I. latifolia, Britten et Rendle. List Brit. seedpl

P African species had already received this name from exiis (Voy. Barb., ii., 165). Therefore Ascherson's combin- ‘on appears to be the correct one.

*p RANUNCULACEAE. à

anunculus tek carpus, Fisch. et ‘Mey. ommon in

frat Murr Mcr Bridek This s ies seems scarcely to differ tom E. sardous, Crantz, dase in the somewhat src aped

and thicker beak of the carpel, and it should perhaps be : , as Fiori does in his Flora analitica d'Italia, as a of that species. The beaks in some ot our specimens slightly curved.

32

* Adonis autumnalis, L. ‘‘Pheasant’s eye." Near n a few specimens; apparently localized.—Europe and Weste Asia.

LAURACEAE. ssytha yua R. Br. Mount Patawurta, near Goa (Dist. S; E. H. Ising).

CRUCIFERAE. *Coronopus didymus, (L.) Sm. (Senebiera didyma, Pers. ; S. pinnatifida, DC. ) Common at Murray Bridge and p.

C. cumbens, Gilib. (Senebiera Coronopus, Poir.). EAD parku at Naracoorte and Penola (H. W. Andre

Lepidium hyssopifolium, Desv. Morgan (B. Beck); Pinnar DROSERACEAE.

Drosera Menziesii, R. Br. Yumali (Dist. T; S. A. White).

CRASSULACEAE.

Crassula bonariensis, (DC. ) Cambess. ( Tillaea Liens. Sm. ; T. purpurata, Hook. f. ). Soak at Winnike Berick, about 10 miles bie ce — (Dist. M). Carpels 8- 13-seeded.

lt.) Ostenf. Contrib. W.A. Bot., ü., (E H ( 18), i Tillaca Sielieridms, Schult.) Pinnaroo; Moolooloo ng).

LEGUMINOSAE Acacia spinescens, Benth. Yami (Dist. T; S. A. libe reulensis, J. M. Black. Tarcoola (W. A. Cannon). Toads inated "Steel bush," from the greyish or teri appearance of the leaves; pods still sd (September 9, 1918), e but flat, 30-35 mm. long, 5 mm. broad, silky-

m S; wx arti Benth. Near Leigh Creek (Dist. A. sublunata, Benth. Hills five miles north of Quo (W. A. ca J uly, 1918). Mueller considered that his A. parvifolia was a Species distinct from 4. sublunata; Bentham (FI. Fish «s sedia united them. Tate record both Species (Fl. Extra rop. S.A., 75), but his ien (the contains no specimen of mor am Dr. Cannon's specimen (t ew

present; they are membranou concave, almost seml- . globular, and must enfold the xr cat f a degree not usual ip

33

Acacia. They are quite obtuse and show no points, at least at this advanced stage; in this respect they agree with the

scription of A. parvifolia, but the peduncles of the unripe, spirally-twisted pods are almost as long as the leaf, which p conforms to Mueller ''capitulis subsessilibus vel

M) A. pycnantha, Benth. Scrub south of Lameroo (Dist. Scrub near Lameroo, Pin-

. brachybotrya, Benth. Pinnaroo. A low shrub;

t = Separate readily

(Tate ii , F.v. M. Fowler Bay, summer, 1879 (Tate Herbarium). Originally described by Mueller in the elb. Chemi i estern

drm in the Tate Herbarium is labelled ‘‘Bossiaea Patis ; has been struck out and “‘Templetonia Battit’ substi- : Aandi

a habit of T. aculeata, Benth., but appears to be quite | š e small flowers, the almost orbicular bracteoles, the

34

glabrous calyx with the lowest lobe longer than the others, it resembles T. egena, Benth., but the broad, flat style differ- entiates it from this and probably from all other 7empletonias.

illwynia uncinata, (Turcz.) J. M. Black. Scrub south of Lameroo. ;

*Trifolium resupinatum, L. Naracoorte (H. W. Andrew).

GERANIACEAE. : *Erodium Botrys, Bertol. Common at Murray Bridge.

LINACEAE. :

Linum marginale, A. Cunn. Lameroo. Dwarf spect mens, 5-15 cm. high, sometimes with only one stem and 1 or 2 flowers

RUTACEAE. Microcybe pauciflora, Turcz. (Plate vii.) Port Lincoln ; Yeelanna; Too igie, e Tate Herbarium contains spec

mens from D'Estrées Bay and Mount Pleasant Station, KL;

Southern Yorke Peninsula; while the Fl. Aust. gives "Lake

Hamilton (Wilhelmi); Venus Bay (Warburton). A dwa

shrub; leaves spreading, sessile or subsessile, 4-9 mm. long,

tubercles inconspicuous ; sepals oblanceolate, 1-13 mm. di ll m. :

>

» i., 106) and by Bentham (Fl. Aust., i., 346) that

one from East Mount Barren (G. Maxwell). These specim "n agree perfectly with ours, but, as they are more than hal

35

M. mu baccharoides, F. v. ) (Plate vii Pinnaroo; an pono: Eucla (J. Forrest phe J. D^ Bati). Hoyleton (S. age in Tate Herbarium); Fowler Bay and Gawler Ranges (D. Sullivan, teste F. v. M., ragm., ix., 107). Leaves spreading-erect or erect and appressed, 2-4 mm. long, oblong yi somewhat dilated and cordate at base, subpeltately attached

the branch by an excavation at the base of the upper

x Eriostemon difformis, A. Cunn. Mount Patawurta, near oolooloo (Dist. S; E. H. Ising). Phebalium bul atum, J. M. Black. This slénder shrub,

00. pube piers F. v. M. Both the glabrous and Scent ique of this small shrub occur in the scrub south

: e pubescent form has pale-purple flowers, While those of the glabrous plant are bright purple.

e eo e 3 E w e o S c 3 H

TREMANDRACEAE. theca pilosa, Labill. Scott Creek; Norton Summit ; ood; Brown Hill Creek; Bridgewater; Teatree Gully; e ia Victor Harbour. Plant hairy to almost glabrous; one s dark red; petals varying from white to dark purple; Ves mostly scattered.

EUPHORBIACEAE. Beyeria opaca, F. v. M., var. linearis, Benth. Pinnaroo.

3 STACKHOUSIACEAE. t Mackhousia monogyna, Labill. Owienagin Gap, near s Moolooloo (Dist. S; E. H. Ising). :

36

SAPINDACEAE.

Dodonaea hezandra, F. v. M. Sherlock; Lameroo; Pin- naroo (Dist. M); Yumali (Dist. T; S. A. White). _ D. cuneata, Rudge. Pinnaroo. A low shrub, not pre- viously recorded for South Australia, although quoted for the “River Murray, Victoria," by Bentham in the Fl. Aust. It was included by Mueller in D. viscosa, but its short, almost truncate, subsinuate, mucronate leaves give it a very distinct appearance.

D. attenuata, A. Cunn., var. linearis, Be Patawurta, near Moolooloo (E. H. Ising). 1-13 mm. broad

nth. Mount Leaves only RHAMNACEAE.

Spyridium phlebophyllum, F. v. M. Mount Patawurta, near Moolooloo (E. H. Ising). This is the third and most northerly site where this plant has been found. The leaves vary in length from 5 to 15 mm. |

Pomaderris racemosa, Hook. Yumali (Dist. T; S. A. White).

STERCULIACEAE.

Lasiopetalum Behri, F. v. M. Yumali (Dist. T; S. A.

White). ;

DILLENIACEAE. _Hibbertia virgata, R. Br., nov. var. incana. Variat foliis incamis cylindricis margine involutis, petalis parvis calycem aequantibus, carpellis 2-4-ovulatis.

latter. It seems to be confined to the Trans-Murray scrub. The leaves are much like those of H. fasciculata, R. Br., var. crassifolia, Benth. (apparently rare, as I have it only die the Puer near Plympton, and along the railway from Wood- í ji : tl

s only reduced leaves, whereas the petals of H. virgata, hh

meant, are merely emarginate, and the bracts are broad and l A ar. canescens, Benth. Mount Pats- wurta, near Moolooloo (Dist. S; E. H. Ising). Leaves and

tly stellate-pubescent; sepals 8 mm. long; earpels

37

THYMELAEACEAE.

Pimelea Williamsonii, nov. sp. (tab. vi.). Fruticulus totus sericeo-villosus circiter 20 cm. altus, ramis erectis ve ascendentibus, folis alternis confertis subimbricatis oblongo- lanceolatis planis 10-15 mm. longis, floribus bisexualibus, spicis pedunculatis ramulos terminantibus primum ovoideis com- pactis et foliis supremis obtectis sed non involucratis demum "sque ad 7 cm. elongatis, perianthio 4-5 mm. longo post

á. South Australia.—Parilla (W. Gill Herbarium). ictori illi

This species is named after Mr. H. B. Williamson, the Well-known Victorian botanist and collector, who discove X at Murrayville, 15 miles east of Pinnaroo, in 1917, and

two species named also in the smaller fruit, obtuse ànd ventricose almost from the summit, instead of gradually Swollen towards the ase, and in t ed and smoother

pee is not that of the Flora Australiensis, but accords with the ater view adopted by Bentham and Hooker in the Genera antarum, and by other recent botanists who have dealt

| not extend above the ovary, while in P. petrophila it does šo extend, is illusory. Both in the yellow- owered typical m of P. flava, found in the Eastern States, and in the diosmifolia, the tube extends 1-14 mm. above the ovary

38

and is readily circumsciss about half-way between the ovary and the perianth-lobes; in the ripe flower it is circumciss just above the fruit. : . flava, R. Br., var. diosmifolia, Meissn. (P. dichotoma, Schlecht. in Linnaea, xx., 581, ann. 1847; P. diosmifolia, Cunn. Herb. ex DC. Prodr., xiv., 510, ann. 1856-57).

P. microcephala, R. Br. There appears to be a certain

amount of dimorphism about the fruit of this VA Da

the lower part often remaining attached to the base of the fruit for a long time. MYRTACEAE. : A Eucalyptus diversifolia, Bonpl. Yumali (Dist. T x m White). In scrub south of Lameroo. Here a small me "y leaves rather broad and very thick, resembling those of ^: capitellata. : innaroo; E. incrassata, Labill., var. dumosa, Maid. I: sa Lameroo ; Mulgundawa; Wellington. A small mallee, h tho high, with white bark except near the base, from whic ad dark often peels off. Fruit ovoid-oblong ot o ,

alpyn; H. W. Andrew); A good-sized tree; operculum red dish and ribbed E E. oleosa, F. v. M. Just south of the town of Pinn Fei this mallee is 5-7 m. high, with greyish-white bark on "7 upper part of the stem and dark bark peeling off at us H. Rocky slopes of Mount Patawurta, near Moolooloo On

Mang) “A mallee with several clustered stems, v. bi Ta

; the stunted Scrub south of Pinnaroo grows what appears = hes a dwarf form of £. oleosa, tending towards E. une

| | |

39

Turez. It is a small shrub, 1-2 m. high, with lanceolate, or E inolate, bright-green leaves, the operculum onl m. long, but longer than the calyx-tube ; fruit about g by 5 mm. diam eter ; valves 3, much exserted.

Locally called ‘‘Green mallee.’

E. calycogona, Turez. Pinnaroo. In the better soil near this town this is a mallee 5-10 m. high, with fruits often 12 mm. long on unusually long pedicels of 6-7 mm. In so cases trees which have been cut down show butts 50-60 cm.

g. acuminatus (''Native Peach") were growing—probably ES close to these trees that the stem of the

E. Morris, R. T. Baker in Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, -—Ó 312 (1900). Mount Patawurta, near Moolooloo ; in bud and with fruits ripe and unripe, October 2, 1918 v H.

nh Wales. The dobebinsdn aoi is by Mr. J. H. Maiden. uds obovoid, the obtuse operculum shghtly longer than the 456; fruits varying in size, the largest 10 mm. long by d qu » Ti rst

| Age leaves : deer rine a similarity to those of the allied . Cunn

viminalis, “abin, Ferguson Gorge, near Moolooloo Nu. t to dena (Sm.) combin. nov. ( Imbricaria ciliata, Sm. in Trans. Linn. Soc., iii., 259, ann. 1797; Baeckea microphylla, Sieb. in Spreng. Syst. cur. post. Ms ann. Qd. Mero yrtus microphylla, Benth., Fl. Aust., 65, 8 6; Thryptomene ciliata, F. v. M. in Wools, Pl. neighb. yd. 23, ann. 1880). tom erect shrub, common in the niis south of Pinnaroo, about 50 em. high; petals and calyx- de light pink. Under the d the ciliation of the upper Ves is 1s conspicuous

Hal HALORRHAGIDACEAE. = :

Owier orrhagis elata, A. Cunn. Mount Patawurta an

Mis ta Gap, n ear Moolooloo (Dist. S; E. H. Ising). Small

W a de 15-20. em. high. Bl lackheath, wear Harrogate (H. rew).

40

H. heterophylla, En. var. glaucifolia, Schindl. Matteo en Hawker

riophy lum verrucosum, Lindl. Swampy ground in

Monbutle scrub (Dist. T; H. W. Andrew).

UMBELLIFERAE. Bupleurum semicompositum, L. Common on the plain at Teil Bend. EPACRIDACEAE. : amope virgatus, R. Br. Monbulla scrub, S.E. (H. W. Andre AnG humifusum, R. Br. “Native Cranberry,” Mount Patawurta, near Moolooloo (Dist. S; E. H. Ising). This is much further north than any previous record of the species, but it is a mountainous district.

ASCLEPIADACEAE. *Gomphocarpus fruticosus, R.. Br. Near Rendelsham, S.E. (H. W. Andr rew). The specimens differ from those

of G. Fe ia mid E. Mey. They agree closely with a form described by N. E. Brown in the Flora Capensis, where e

says, "Specimens with ovoid or ellipsoid, shortly and va y pointed Takele are. probably of hybrid origin between this species (G. fruticosus) and G. physocar pus.

LABIATAE. Westringia Dam R. Br. Lameroo and Pinnaroo. PO: specimens all the lower leaves are in 4’s, the upper ones in 3’s or 4's; in others, quite similar in appearance,

flowers light purp! There ma’ doubt that Dampieri and W. ri R. Br., should be treated whorls eid cannot be distinguished va the leaves in 2 o

(3-5 mm. long), also occurs at Lam and Pinnaroo, y and

is found in many parts of the ages rend Renmark to Ooldea = and at at least as far north a Moolooloo w mi known as rigida, as it is = evidently the form indica in Proen . description.

a

Ho SOLANACEAE. | Be. ' A x ‘i simile, E v M. Yamal DM. T; 85

41

Me sor Euphrasia collina, R. (E. Brown, F. v. M.) es (Dist. M). Flowers Pe lilac *Veronica Tournefortii, C. C. Gmel: Deserted gardens at Yallum, S.E. (H. W. Andrew), but SPOT rad E lish Recorded as a ‘‘widely-spread weed’’ a by

Prof. Ewart (as V. Buzbaumü, Ten.). A alsin of 2 Middle and Southern Eur rpoe

MYOPORACEAE. . Eremophila neglecta, J. M. Black. O'Halloran Mount, near Petmdata ; flowering July 7, 1918 (W. A. Cannon).

GOODENIACEAE. oodenia vernicosa, nov. sp. ( tab. oo dh Su een citer

attenuatis rigidis servatis 15-25 mm. m gis, Penn linearibus integris, pedunculis axillaribus 1. 4-floris folio »equilongis vel brevioribus, pedicellis brevibus (2-8 mm.

78} supra medium articulatis basi bibracteolatis, calyce cylindrica costato 12 mm. longo, lobis linearibus tubum

" ongo-ovoideae septo apicem illius fere attingente, minibus. circiter 12 biseriatis crasse marginatis. . Mount Patawurta, near aea pec

gives the iu nished appearance, in ae Fine, . the ib yox and the uppermost leaves

the ence linear and bract-like. G. Fiholm, F. v. M. Moolooloo (E. H. Ising). : : e-

Sims. distinction between this species and G. grandiflora, * albiflora, Schlecht. Moolooloo (Dist. 8; E. H. Ising). ©. pusillift Pinnaroo

. M. (Dist. iy ore R. Br, Kybybolite (Dist. T; AE OW:

42

b

COMPOSITAE. n ym obtusifolium, Sond. et F. v. M. Yumali mee T; RB. White); scrub south of Lameroo (Dist. M). i. lencopidin, DC. Pinnaroo (Dist. M

) emipapposum, pes Mount pees near Moo- lic (Dist. S; E. H. Isin Helipterum Jessen, F. v. M. Pinnaroo. corymbiflorum, Schlecht. Ferguson Gorge (E. H. Tsing). Pk only about 15 em. high and 1-headed by aborti dimorpholepis, Benth. Ferguson Gorge, near Moo- looloo (Dist. S; Ising). Calotis scapigera, Hook. Port pages. River; Murray Bridge; Renmark. Ray pink, turning wh Irodia siMlodta. R. Br. aite aA (Dist. T: H W Andrew).

d the fewer flowers, and especially the glabrous achenes (not mentioned by Bentham), one feels a de as to whether this variety is not really a separate speci O. Muelleri, i Mount Padus near Mesue ; H. ng).

O. ciliata, F. v. M. Lameroo; Eg di (Dist. m^ : , Benth. Loxton (Di M; White); Coonalpyn (H. W. Andrew); Xara: sr

Z. O. floribunda, (Hook. f.) Benth. Loxton (S. A. White) ee (H. W. Andrew). «gines numerous, apparens n dense se panicles; involucre 3-4 m long ; flowers usually 6, 3 ligulate and 3 ce ntral ; leaves alustered. 1-13 mm . long;

branches slender and flex ible. Brachycome ezilis, Bod Owienagin Gap, n ob looloo (Dist. : sing A minute form with am

2 or 3. I have iat minute speci óns from Aare with iis leaves, but the stems are at least once-branch wers ecu more numerous. :

M. me These: sper present a different A from the ordinary form, x whole plant being more or less woolly, especially toward

43

; ray pale lilac. Prof. Ewart informs me that our plant agrees with specimens of B. caloc collected near the Murray River by Dallachy, as mentioned in the Fl. Aust.

Humea pholidota (F. v. M.), combin. nov. (Ozothamnus Pholidotus vel Cassinia pholidota, F. v. M., Fragm. ii., 131 (1861); Helichrysum pholidotum, F. v. M., ex Benth., Fl. Aust. iii., 634 (1866); H. squamata, F. v. M., Fragm. xi., 86 (1880). Near Loxton (S. A. White) ; Karoonda ; Lameroo; Pinnaroo. An erect shrub about 1 m. high.

Microseris scapigera, (Forst.) Sch. Bip. (M. Porsteri,

ook. f.). Lameroo. Leaves very narrow with linear- lanceolate lobes about 12 mm. long. Owienagin Gap and Ferguson Gorge (Dist. S; E. H. Ising). . Millotia Kempei, F. v. M. in Wing's South. Sci. Rec. 1» 2 (1882); var. Helmsii, F. v. M. et Tate in Trans. Roy. Boo. S. Austr., xvi, 368 (1896). The description of this Species and a comparison with specimens in the Tate

J. M. Black in Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Au

t. 69 (1915). This plant stands about half-way between Millotia and Tozanthus as e more numerous invo- lueral brac he more numerous and larger flowers of

^ei ts, Millotia, but it has the absence of pappus and the achenes

father than in the lanceolate papillose tips of Tozanthus. n v. Mueller's classification therefore appears to be the ; preferable one. In addition to Helms’ specimens from near the Birksgate Range, the Tate Herbarium contains others from Ooldea and the Great Victoria Desert, W.A. Erechthites prenanthoides, DC. (plate viii.). This plant L;"w in my garden at North Adelaide from seed which must ave been buried in the soil of other plants brought from hi. t Gambier. It lasted about one n The female

; Ee : and-Wet (Dist. T; H. W ndrew). Young leaves wrinkled

Above, but glabrous 5 flowers in head 4-5.

44

*Anacyclus radiatus, Lois. This Mediterranean weed, with large yellow flowers, not previously recorded, was found growing on a dump at Port Adelaide (October, 1918; H. W. Andrew).

*Leontodon hispidus, L. Near Lobethal (H. W. Andrew). Common; the forms with glabrous and hairy Sais both present. Already recorded for the South-

ast.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

en NL Kochia pr enm E sp leaf (side view). 2, f (see from above) 3, fru E bem s above). 4, Pe Paine, gres melea Williamsonii, n. sp. 5, flower. 6, be r DET ri Spat spread open. 7, pistil. 8, ‘fru it, showing e

isti arp. fruit after removal of exocarp, showing the delicate, transparent endocarp covering the testa. 10, seed. 11, me : $ , Wrane

verse section of fruit: a, exocarp; b, endoc arp; por emeret: testa; d, membranous inner seed is dint pura idi - in "albumen; f, cotyledons

Pate MAI.

Goodenia Iiis: ru n. sp. 1, bud. 2, style and indusium. 3, vertical section of fruit. 4, corolla spread open. E OMA P Turcz. 5, pistil. 6, one-half of flower e ‘ rie iflor ora, "aA 8, one-half of flower ree open, a M nisi “Cpe face). 10, leaf (lower ae) ll, fruit: a, wrin us; b, carti ilaginous endocarp ;

Prate VIII. iiec Ra i prenanthoides, DC. 1, flower-head in bud and wer. 2, ne and pappus. 3, transverse sec section of achene. ppe ga "Vica 6, pollen-grain. 7, bisexual ‘flower.

8, female flower.

45

GEOLOGICAL MEMORANDA (FIRST CONTRIBUTION). By Proressor WALTER Howcnik.

Subjects I. The "Sarsen" Stones of South Australia. II. Pumice and other Substances occurring as Sea-drift near

Cape Banks. III. Salt, a Cause Mechanical Disintegration of Rocks in egio a Wodatar Barytes of Peculiar Forms from Central Australia [Read June 12, 1919.]

PLATE IX.

I. ihm "SARSEN'" STONES OF SoUTH AUSTRALIA.

shape, several feet in thickness, and up to 10 fü. or 15 ft. in

u d appeared people as though dropped p over the landscape. e name by which they are generally known is ~~ of Sarsen,” or “sarsden” stones, which is supposed t a colloquial abbreviation of the word Saracen, a ial cm

ace

of superstitious terror in southern and western Europe.) As

these stones are often seen. in groups, ei at a distance red the i e

Second circle, at Stonehenge is construc indeed, t was no other geological cares in the country a size

that yielded stomes anything like so great

(1) edi explanations have been given as to ihe origin of the Word. Sars By nid to be a | a. Phoenician ian word, meanin | a stone, time

t may e. p amt visited Engla id. The early y Ch hies n Saxons d og i idiot ju f n or mn.” A corruption rtl fido word. poran m e w

46

vandalism that was rampant in his day in destroying such interesting archaeological structures for utilitarian purposes. He says, “Above the head of the River Ock, by Ashbury- park, is a camp of a figure as near round as square, t diameter above an hundred paces and the works single, but the works are now almost quite spoiled and defaced by digging for the sarsden stones as they call them) to build a house in th ene to the Lord Craven.”

Our Honorary Fellow, Mr. Edward Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., was one of a committee of gentlemen formed for this object, and at my request sent out some fragments broken from sarsen stones for comparison with our local examples. :

j given rise to a somewhat extensive

most county histories (where they occur), geological textbooks,

encyclopaedias, dictionaries, and newspaper correspondence. Many conflicting theories have been advanced to account

for the origin and distribution of the sarsen stones, but it is

England. The beds consisted of sands and fine gravels (gen ably of different geological ages), the greater portion of whic remained unconsolidated and has been removed by denudation,

“Geology of nd and Wales," 1876, p. 363; W. | Age of the Grey-wethers,” Jour. . Soc. of London, ibid e p. 271; E. C. Spicer: “Sarsen Stones in a acd Fi : d

[71 eo A Physi E Monckton

E vu de ; A. C. Ramsay: Geography of Great Britain," 1872, p. 126; H: Y: as Report Notes on the Sarsen Stones of the Bagshot’ District," Bepo

Brit. Assoc. Adv. Science (Southport), 1903, p.

4T

taken place by the infiltration of silicated waters into an open an m d : :

d porous rock, causing great induration within certain

geological age of the rock, they may occur in any country and of any age when the suitable conditions for their formation exist. Sarsen stones of this type are widely distributed throughout South Australia. They have not attracted the same attention from the public here as those of England, from the fact that in England they are rendered conspicuous nR ; c

oce like the grey-wethers of southern England. They can be seer

from the railway train near Yacka, and at Stone Hut, and in

grains, closely dovetailed and united together by a siliceous cement. On account of this form of structure they exhibit a

Same descriptions. In most cases a different form of silicifica- tion can be recognized between that of the siliceous quartzites of Cambrian Age and the siliceously-cemented river sediments that have made the sarsen stones. T am c l

&lve evidence of metamorphic action, while the indurated Tiver sediments do not. In the case of the metamorphic bo (9 Howchin: “Notes on the Geology of Ardrossan and Neigh-

LN" Trans, Roy. Soc. S. Austr., v. 42, 1918, pls. xxii. to i

48

exhibit the more complete silicification, as in the case of ing fine gravel; the coarser gravels are frequently strong y

NEAR CAPE ;

I am indebted to Mr. G. A. Payne, late Head Keeper at Cape Banks Lighthouse, for a number of interesting objects that he has collected from the beach in that locality. The more interesting of these comprise pumice, scoriaceous lava, torbanite, asphaltum, and native resin.

PUMICE.

ransve nce. t example of its kind, greyish-white in colour, rough to the feel, open and vesicular in Structure, with numerous large, elongated vesicular gas spaces. The central portion of ^ second specimen, also forwarded by Mr. Payne, has precise y the same features. The specimens in each case occurred on the southern side of Cape Banks, and were found high hs ~ among the sand ills, where, Mr. Payne thinks, they m - have been buried for years. ite | © oceurrence of drift-pumice in this locality was quit unexpected and is difficult to explain. Although the

Millicent: and Mount Gambier volcanic fields are not very distant from Cape ; j :, a pumice is known to occur on . either of these fields, and if there was, there is at present i fanning water that might account for their transportation to _ the coast. Neither is pumice known to occur along the

49

on this subject as follows: ‘I do not know, nor do any of my staff whom I have been able conveniently to consult, know of any pumice on the south coast of Victoria. I rang up Professor Skeats, who also does not know of any, neither do we know of any deposit in situ in Victoria which approaches the character of a true pumice."

coast of New Sout ales, and at times are also found in the harbours, and are not infrequently picked up within the Sydney Harbour. The source of t umice is, of

ragments to pieces 9 or 12 in. through. . . . It’ be very interesting to trace the limits of the distribution of Pumice along the Autralian coast, and I trust that someone vill undertake this duty."

ry comm Pise rrier i& may extend continuously along the beach, at high-tide level, in lumps the size of a cricket ball to a marble. € pieces you describe are unusually large. There

yage. Somewhat water-worn, they have not suffered that extent of —ewhat water-worn, they have not suffered that extent o 255, Seg The Minerals of New South Wales,” ete., 1888, pp. 250,

im a.) Professor David informs me that one piece washed up "Sydney Harbour measured 3 ft. in length. . .

50

parasitically attached to the floating pumice, such as algae - growths, Serpula, or Balanus. Neither of these considera- tions are, however, fatal to the theory, as the amount of wear is dependent on contact with hard substances floating in the water or the amount of attrition suffered on the beach before

where pumice is supposed to occur. The Antarctic current, influenced by the strong westerly winds, takes a north-easterly direction, and becomes a wide-spread "drift"; one branch, going northward, follows the coast of Western Australia, and the other takes an easterly course along the southern shores of the continent.

., from the sea." Also under date August 6, 1917, I received particulars from Mr. Payne of a “current paper" thrown overboard on September 26, 1916, in lat. 40? iT € and long. 126° 58’ E. (south of the Great Bight), and was picked up 10 miles to the north of Cape Banks on July 26, 1917, the

8 a westerly turn, forming a large edd of the Great Bight, while another section, after ne ge oast of T ia, passes h . Strait. There 1s probably a neutral zone between | currents, one going west and the other going east, an

51

coincide with a geographical position very close to Cape s. The parting of the currents may well account for the quantity of debris cast up at the spot known as the "drift" mentioned by Mr. Payne. e localities from which the pumice may have originated e

Pu Se d E we A B aq ct p” ®© e fæ H oD B5 ona m ag B aq M B = o [ d = =t d © B E ©

an P limits of South Australia.

,,, Ocean drifts that are dependent on prevailing winds vary with the winds. The may be weak or strong, shift their Pesition, and even become for a time reversed, according to

nr Aor n

cha examples obtained from Cape Banks possess certain aracteristics which should assist in their identification. The

(7) After the above was written a publie notice was given, of

t E thrown ade tm a pag, psy at ig sop tmd imu,

: 1¢k i : , i June 10, pM on the beach near Cape Jervis.—See

52

n 5 spaces (over and above the usual small, elongated spaces which give pumice its characteristic features) are often large,

hoped that observers will be on the look out for urther evidences that may be of interest bearing on this subject.

SCORIACEOUS LAVA.

sea has washed the bases of the volcanic vents in the neigh- bourhood of Millicent since these volcanoes were in eruption, but there is nothing to indicate that these scoriae were actually derived from this source. re are igneous rocks on the Victorian coast, a little beyond the South Australian border, and it is possible that the specimens may have come from that direction ; if so, it would be a further evidence of an occasional westerly drift along the coast.

ASPHALTUM (BITUMEN). This substance has a very wide distribution along the southern coast of Australia, extending from Tasmania on the

A typical specimen was included in the beach specimens

ments have been found. The specimens that have bee? obtained over this very wide area p very uniform characteristics, which make it probable that they have had & common origin. Wade has said,® ^I am firmly

BM M LM E. Y (9 See L. Keith Ward: “The Possibilities of the Discovery ~ Petroleum on Kangaroo Island and the Western Coast of pns eninsula," Geol. Sur. S. Austr., Bull. No. 2, 1913, p. 13- _AlS aoa T Wide (Tbo. Sup il-bearing Areas of Sou Australia," Geol. Sur. S. Austr., Bull. No. 4, 1915, p. 33-

© Loc. cit., p. 34.

53

convinced by the evidence that the material originates from beds now covered by the sea, beds thrown down by the great fault system known to exist, protected to some extent by the deep sea deposits, and lying south of the continental shelf. As a surmise, I should say that just as the great trough faults bf the Dead Sea area have exuded bitumen in places, seen by

be nóted that Kerguelen is in the direct line of the west wind drift, the waters of which are carried up the Western Australian coast as well as along the southern coast of Australia and around the island of Tasmania. If the bitumen originated at Kerguelen the outcrops are probably submarine In position.

FOSSIL RESIN.

oig where the pieces of asphaltum occur recknell andhills, on the southern coast of Kangaroo Island, I found the two in associatio ; refers the to the

species "retinite," a variety of copalite. These resins have no genital relationship to the mineral oils, but they may have had a similar geographical origin as that of the asphaltum Waifs. If Kerguelen Island be the source, then we must assume that the resins have been derived from uere:

"tive

5

Product, we may assume, have been subjected to such a change. —

(0) See Tate: “On the Occurrence of Marine Fossiliferous Rocks at Kerguelen Island," Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., v. 24 ..M900), p. 105.

54

TORBANITE (KEROSENE SHALE). fragment of this mineral (sawn by Mr. Payne from a larger portion) also formed a part of the collection from Cape Banks. It is brownish-black in colour, has a dull lustre, and burns freely when a lighted match is applied to it. It1s identical with the mineral torbanite which is mined at Hartley

tralian coast; one of these was on the beagh at The French- man, Eyre Peninsula, and the other at the head of the Great Bight.)

III. SALT a Cause or MECHANICAL DISINTEGRATION OF Rocks iN Arip REGIONS.

When visiting Stuart Creek pastoral station in 1904, by the kindness of Mr. W. Oliffe, the manager of the station, I was taken over some extensive opal deposits on the run. These were situated to the northward of Pidleeomina Water-

ccur in the upper portions of the cretaceous clays, and are distributed over a stri country several square miles 1n

variety, but some of the specimens are beautifully tinted, of

the greater part of the disi i f 3 ntegrated opal consisted o _ Innumerable assemblage of usa ahata This intimate

`

"i

55

disintegration of a compact and apparently pure opal rock was an unexpected occurrence. n examination it was found that an efflorescence of salt covered all the planes of fracture, 7s this is suggestive of the cause of the disintegration. The ect : :

retained its quarry-water, or "sap-water," to use a quarry- man's term, but when placed in the cabinet desiccation

This action is known to be operative in all dry regions where the surface waters are mostly mineral solutions and motel to alternate conditions of imbibition and desiccation.

ally those of an open texture, such as sandstones, shales, clays, etc., many examples of such chemico-mechanical disintegration were noted in the region referred to.

IV. NopuLAR BARYTES or PECULIAR FORMS FROM CENTRAL AUSTRALIA. Barytes (barium sulphate), or ''heavy spar," occurs in South Australia under a varist of forms. In Mitcham

orthorhombic crystals, and also of lamellar structure and translucen occurs in veins with a granular crystallization, as in the

gangue in mineral lodes, as at the New Burra Copper Mine, oori

all uncommon. Some of these have mammillary forms, white to brownish in colour, columnar and radial in structure, with

rm liquid had been poured out of some vessel—weighs

56

The clays of the interior (pf Australia in some cases carry nodules of barytes. The wei vitamin deke which these con-

2

when leader of the Government North-West Prospecting Expedition in 1904. Mr. W. T. Chapman, 5) the assayer

Per oak:

Water P5 ie o ili DUCES Alumin ER dite Ferri e pene e . 056 poner acid . s ren um .. 99:82 Bar mm e us us va ... 62°00 Strontia os Ria RE i a UU p s Lime SH ee a oe mdr. 99:39

of white clay-like rock, which is capped by a hard layer o esert sandstone. The specimens are es D d numbers, 1 ft. in diameter.

ilst on a visit to Stuart Check ais station, in the , in ay b

with oy

shape from the “buns.” ' ey ven be compared in appear

ahs to a ball of stout cord that had been wound and inte Er itself. The thickness of the cord-like casts varies

» R Soc. S. Austr. y v. 3i sr bn er Notes," Trans. Roy. Mines and Industries, 1904, pp. 73, 74.

a)

-—

57

in different specimens, but is uniform throughout in the case of each individual specimen. Mr. W. T. Chapman kindly eae ag to make an analysis of one of these, with the

ollowing results : —

Per cent. Sulphur tri-oxid i. id t DU aoe Barium oxide ... us e Pd 2s. OTa Caleium oxide M aad ila d. uc WM) Strontium oxide Rn d. T 0 ODO i d xd Ad E. ALIM Ferric oxide ... at da eo Iu ae Magnesia iue sel n EG dic UM Water c. et uu Gs y wt OT 100:40

ground ng eriod of drought it is not unusual to find at a considerable depth earthworms coiled up within a little chambe e This chamber corresponds to the

Ty have formed in cavities formerly occupied by annelids,

the difference being that in some cases the cavity has preserved

the true outline of the former occupant, while in others it as not.

"annot at present be definitely determined. Barium salts not infreque |

barium and lime are often found in association, as occurs In

, the would probably form, in

‘st instance, a soluble bicarbonate, and then by ac “re

. Taction with some soluble sulphate be converted into barium

58

sulphate. Why the barytes should show a preferential selec- ion of these empty annelid chambers, as is assumed in th

at most minerals in solution show a tendency to undergo precipitation on reaching a cavity in the rocks.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IX.

Pig L ean of vermiform-like object, entwined. Slightly

under natural siz MORS tly, two objects of a similar

Sis ‘ajacent s ae Ci ihe other. Slightly under natural s e

Fig. Pu Cast of similar object, showing irregular twisting. Natural size.

Fig. 4. Cast in which e coils are more regularly arranged in a spiral form. Naturals

Fig. 5. Another rires in which the coils are wound right A ds to each other. The s ecimen is a a fragment showing fracture at both e xtremities. Natural siz

Fig. 6. In this "- cimen the coils are woun nd around a centra al

ation of the coil is seen at the upper margin. This example poke an intermediate type between the worm-like casts on the one and the discoidal “buns” on the other. Natural size. : Migs. 1, 4, 5, and 6 agree in the diameter of their decem coils; and fips. 2 and 3 also agree with each other in this resp bei :

o entionec. In the two examples shown in figs. nd 3, slight e ye eee occur in the bedy whorls (especially where ‘the latter ma all acute Phe “in may have been caused by a succession of dir al bulgings of an annulated soft body as the result of longitu pur press This feature, while quite distinct in the objects, is well eax by the photogr aphs.

59

A REVIEW OF THE GENUS LOR/CELLA (ORDER POLY- PLACOPHORA), WITH NOTES ON FEATURES PREVIOUSLY UNNOTED AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES.

By Epwin Asusy, F.L.S., M.B.O.U. [Read May 8, 1919.] PLATE X.

The only recorded species of the genus Loricella was described by H. Adams and Angas in P.Z.S., 1864, p. 193, under the name of Lorica angasi, but later Pilsbry, in Man.

im tail valve a mere wave; j in front, not cleft behind"; but adds the note, “I have not seen this species, which is here figured for the first time from drawings made by Emerton for Carpenter.'"

An examination of a fair series makes it necessary to modify this generic description. The sinus in the tail valve

c 323

fact somewhat misled Pilsbry. This cleft and the character

with its markedly distinct girdle suggest that this relationship may be more seeming than rea

As Ad m Rapid Bay, South Australia, that name will have to be

18 described herein for the first time. The only explanation monet the type was a worn specimen that had been washed PE

60

wing to the imperfections of both figure and descrip- tions, it is necessary to append a full description. As far as

but Dr. Pilsbry appends a note, "The hairs shown in the girdle, in fig. 9, are foreign to it."

LoRicELLA ANGASI, H. Adams and Angas. (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 193.)

osterior valve.—'This is the smallest of the Mois n

an J è B1 or ) : Wavy ridges similar to the anteri

Mew at irregular intervals by deep sulci following

61

the growth lines; also in some of the valves the ribbing shows a subpustulose tendency; the posterior margin is finely

laminae much produced; sinus broad and lobed.

irdle.—In drie ecimen 8 mm. wide in front, or without the flattened appendages, 5 mm. in front and half that width behind, cleft for half its width at tail, very closely eset with solid, irregular, minute scales. But the most

one of a white stiletto, but they are too broad to be described by that term, and may be better described as sharply-pointed white cylinders or spear-heads, which are at their base twice the thickness of the hair to which they are attached. These strange white spicules are clustered thickly at the base of and along the centres of the flattened finger-like processes, before referred to; these are sessile, rising straight out of the girdle. ere seems to be some relation between these spicules and the protruding portions of the girdle, as they and the hairs to which they are attached are only present opposite these. There are a few scattered about the girdle not in the main double row. easurements.—The specimen described in the ewig

is 67x41 mm. Another, taken at the same time, now in Mr. o

62

it is blotched grey and white. The characteristic spicules, before described, are present in all my South Australian

lateral areas; the posterior margin is more strongly toothed than is the case with the larger specimens. Dr. Torr has

several of the smaller size that show the same pustulose charac- ter in the sculpture. A specimen 30 mm. in length, dredged in St. Vincent Gulf, exhibits the same “spear-headed” hairs, and a small one, 23 mm. long, preserved in spirit, collected at Aldinga Bay, has the girdle well clothed with hairs terminating in similar "spear-head'' spicules.

emarks.—All specimens examined, collected by Dr. Torr, Dr. Verco, and myself, show the "spear-headed" spicules, and none of those examined from the other States exhibit this character.

The coarse hairs on the girdle are branching, and are, where perfect, transparent at their apices, but the transparent idth as the hairs and evidently the

ge o a me "o B un m H i: ct o & [t

closely-packed wavy ribbing. In one specimen in my collec tion from Sydney Harbour, the closely-packed wavy ribbing

prominent tubercles are either eroded or absorbed. An ye Specimens that have come under my notice are more olivaceous than uet South Australian shell. t low : abitat.—The t I collected in shallow water a tide at the Nine d Station, Sydney, New South Wales, in November, 1918. I presenting same to the Se Australian Museum. It appears fairly common at i Jackson, and frequents much shallower water than is the eme : with the South Au ian species. I actually found one or a large rock several feet above low-water mark. I have EE

ai Shs al eo eek De EL eerie ERR DU eee E : xx

63

dredged by Mr. Gabriel in 5 fathoms, at Western Port, Victoria, measuring 33 x22 mm., in which the ray ribbing of anterior valve is well defined, but the closely-packed inter- mediate.ribbing is hardly discernible, except near the margin ; one of the coarse hairs on this specmen is 9 mm. long. Dr. W. G. Torr kindly showed me his Victorian specimens, which are similar to mine.

Tasmanian form.—Both Mr. W. L. May (of Tasmania) and Dr. Torr have been good enough to lend me their Tasmanian shells for the purposes of this paper. Mr. May writes that it is rare at Port Arthur. These Port Arthur specimens show a considerable divergence from most of the New South Wales shells, and are approached most nearly by the dredged specimen, before referred to, from Western Port, Victoria. The largest shell from Port Arthur is in Mr. May’s collection, and measures 41x31 mm., has practically no decussation on dorsal or pleural area, but the smaller shell shows it to some extent ; the riblets on the anterior valve are not as strong and the tail valve is more elevated than the New South Wales type. But the small shell from Sydney, before referred to, diverges from the type quite as much in these re . I therefore do not feel justified in separating the Tasmanian Port Arthur shell from the New South Wales and Victorian ones: they all show the coarse, branching hairs

d” p

uc. er amoun )

terial from the other States I hesitate to quote this

Character as one of the distinguishing ones of the South i hell.

P adult South Australian shell is much larger, often double the Size, of its congener.

64

I am suggesting the name of torri for this species, after my friend Dr. W. G. Torr, to whom I am indebted for a good deal of material I hope to deal with in a future paper.

ADDENDUM.

Since writing the foregoing Dr. J. C. Verco has sent me his stereoscopic microscope, and with the aid of this splendid etse the following additional observations have been made :—

like scales are, most of them, transparent and glassy ; others, again, are opaque and white, but still with a glass-like appearance. *

Between these “wheat-grains” the strange "spear-heads push through and look like a cylindrical pointed spear-head made of porcelain, and are, I estimate, eight times the length of the scales :

Later, as the ''spear-head" is pushed forward, a pale-

a distinct branch. In one or two instances a single stalk has branched six times and been furnished with six ''spear

heads." These side branches are of a considerable length.

often several times the length of the spear-headed apex.

. Somewhat distant rings for the whole length of the tube. In a few instances these striae a i rs t

à he re absent; in others the : are broader and placed at greater distances, Su bs

65

As before stated, the longer hairs, or tubes, take their clusters fairly equidistant midway across the

back

To the question, What is the function of the strange coarse hairs, or tubes, and their peculiar apices, and what Purpose do they serve? I can find no definite answer. I do

. presence of some m À milar, though much smaller, to the ‘‘spear-heads” on Lori €i anoaass;

I have presented the tvpe of Loricella torri to the South Australian Murun. yP

Fi DESCRIPTION OF PLATE X E» 'E- l. Shell of Loricella angasi, Ad. and Ang., xi, showing in ues : ts e, slit, fringed margin, and spicules, p. 60. H » le. Girdle of same, x6, showing finger-like processes an

: — 5 1b. Girdle and | rt shell f Loricella torri, n. sp., X9, p. 62. e le. Loricella angasi, Ad. "od Ang., x2, underside showing

i al. : 2 e Spear-headed spicules and girdle margin of same, x20.

66

NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN POLYPLACOPHORA, INCLUDING DESCRIPTIONS OF Two NEW GENERA, A NEW VARIETY, AND THE DESCRIPTION AND PROPOSED RECOGNITION OF MR. BEDNALL'S STENOCHITON PILSBRYANUS.

By Epwin Asusv F.L.S., M.B.O.U. [Read July 11, 1919.] ELATE XI.

ISCHNOCHITONIDAE. Genus STENOCHITON.

ZOSTERICOLA, n. subgen.

in the paper on Stenochitons (Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Auk vol. xlii., 1918), and included the subgeneric name 9 Zostericola in the distribution list published in the same number of the Transactions.

The name Zostericola is derived from the name of genus of plants upon which it is said to have been found, an upon which it no doubt lives.

Type Stenochiton pilshryanus, Bednall.

ZOSTERICOLA PILSBRYANUS, Bednall. . t une and drawings of Stenochiton pilsbryanus C

oc., vol. ii., pt. 4, 1897). I trusted that the type W°

gure. e he specimens I have marked ‘type’ do not mer with the figure, nor have I seen the dissections." Thus

a E. x d = T T i ‘ E 5 > l; don s

LI Mc DLE egi Lad RM uA CMT DES Y SES ees E A $n BE e

67

from the late Mr. Bednall's collection, the material now being E the hands of Mr. Iredale, and reported upon by him as above.

When in Philadelphia last year Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry showed me some of the material that Mr. Bednall had sent him (at the time the description of S. pilsbryanus was written) as being the new shell. I easily identified in the material shown to me the three species S. juloides, Ad. and Ang.; S. eymodocealis, Ashby; and S. posidonialis, Ashby ; all very small and juvenile.

It is therefore fairly evident that Mr. Bednall's drawings

ere made from more than one specimen

all the material. I therefore propose to refer the speci am describing hereunder to Mr. Bednall’s species for the following reasons : — (1) I am anxious to retain the names of my friend Dr. Pilsbry and my late friend Mr. Bednall as associated with the interesting genus of Stenochiton. (2) It is desirable to keep our list of species free from those that are impossible of identification. (3) The form I am describing corresponds most closely with the figure of the shell in Mr. Bednall's paper. (4) Mr. Bednall’s shell was practically from the same locality, “Troubridge Shoal, St. Vincent Gulf, on ." Tapley Shoal is about 6 miles from g

mgs commence at the posterior margin of the dorsal area, an

‘Spread fan-like anteriorwise. When disarticulated, and the

animal cleaned away, the shell is very transparent. The brown i ion

olivaceous, and the central valves transparent white and pale

Two wavy (broadly V-shaped) bands traverse both

— bu shell, and separated by a wide sinus; teeth fairly sharp,» ior z

68

the pleural and lateral areas, also other olivaceous markings are present. .

Anterior valve.—Unsculptured; under a high power the valve is seen to be covered with whitish spots, suggesting regular decussation, but the brownish-olive mottling so gener- ally covers the valve that in many parts the white spo wei indistinguishable. The shell is convex, evenly rounded we arched, about twice as broad as long, teeth well defined, wi ^ rounded, slightly wavy edges, eaves well developed, teet propped or fluted, slits 16, inside whitish and glassy.

Posterior valve.—Unusually broad for this valve, Meum only slightly less broad than the median valves, mucro mia) anterior, posterior slope evenly rounded but steep, convex.

ridge divides the portions, starting at the mucro pisei A diagonally to the suture. Behind the mucro is another

edged, and are fluted or propped on the inside as in the anterior valves, eaves distinct. de.

Median valves.—Uniformly smooth, glossy, diee tured ; the anterior margin of the lateral area is slight d M dol in some of the valves, especially in valve 2. e pns pori barely distinguishable, but is slightly raised and flat A agentes Under a low power ateral, wavy, longitudinal, a di ad bands are easily seen; one valve has six of these ym either side. When disarticulated and cleaned and — : a high power some additional markings are reveale tici = dorsal and pleural areas are very distinct from the

dove peciall fo discover any rising in the shell. In some lights, especia iy

.. daylight, the white interspaces look like white spots wo Olivaceous markings like interspaces. The we ru of are large, produced to about half the width (longitu

te de n ‘rounded as in the anterior and posterior valves, and J can

69

valves vary in length, but are fully three times as wide as

long, i.e., the longitudinal measurement is one-third that of l one.

; —Very narrow, and thickly clothed with minute, irregular, flattened scales, which do not appear to imbricate. Darkish blotches are noticeable opposite each suture. easurements.—The shell in the dried specimen is 54 mm. y 3 mm.; it is more than likely that a live specimen would measure 6 by 34 mm. Locality.—I am indebted to Dr. Torr for the specimen

"Tapley Shoal, living on Zostera.” This shoal is about 6 miles from Troubridge lighthouse, south of Yorke Peninsula, in South Australia.

General colour.—Serpentine green (Ridgway’s Colour Standards, pl. xvi.). The valves 2 to 4 have the dorsal area

outlined with a broad V-shaped white mark. lor and apical portions of anterior valve are white The sides are broad] irregularly banded with white. The girdle

irregularly-spaced blotches in front of same valve. : Shell.—The shell is more beaked than is the case with . ‘he type, and there is a slight elevation of the dorsal area near the beak in the first four valves. Starting at the posterior Margin of the beak are a few shallow, circular elevations, Which die away towards the middle of the anterior portion of the lateral area. These elevations are only seen in some lights with a high-power lens. The whole shell is highly Polished and transparent. !

70

PLAXIPHORA MATTHEWSI, Iredale. - (Proc. Mal. Soc. Lon., vol. ix., June, 1910, pp. 96-100.) Frembleya matthewsi, Iredale (Dis. List. Austr. Polypla- cophora, Ashby: Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., vol. xlii., 1918, p. 85). > . I notice this season that each of the three small specimens of the above shell that have fallen to my lot during this

f a large number of slender processes, which for want o

pointed. The surface is highly polished and white, in some lights, showing a few transverse lines; the stalk, bristle, or

Girdle spicules.—The species under discussion has three forms of spicules—if these oar-headed processes can be term spicules at all. There are the long, coarse, dark brown spicules or bristles that take their rise in bunches at each suture; these are taper-pointed, like a needle. Then there are a great many short, transparent, rather blunt-pointed spicules that form the fringe of the girdle. Lastly, there are these organs that

ve

_Comparisons.—While all the specimens I have collected . exhibit oar-headed spicules, I have two, given me by Mr. W. : May, of Tasmania, from Port Arthur in that State, tha

71

.80 that further investigation may not unlikely prove them di M is endeavouring to obtain some

Family MOPALIIDAE, Pilsbry. è KOPIONELLA, n. gen. Differs from Plaxiphora, Gray— (1) In having peculiar oar-headed girdle bristles or spicules. (2) In having an elevated, recurved tail valve with terminal mucro. (3) The minor differences detailed hereunder. Differs from Frembleyana, H. Ad. (1) In having peculiar oar-headed bristles or spicules. (2) In the slits in the median valves being centrally situated and sinus, especially in tail valve, being much narrower. (3) The minor characters detailed below. l'ype.—Plaziphora matthewsi, Iredale. imen described herein is being presented to the South Australian Museum

Description and comparisons of further di

Purposes of this comparison Plaxiphora albida is used as typical of the genus Plaxiphora. In P. matthewsi, Ire., the Upper side of the tail valve is very distinct from P. albi.

fferences. —For ida i

72

A ffinities.—It isa little difficult to know where the proposed new genus should be placed. Dr. Pilsbry points out (Man.

review has the tail valve unslit, as in Plaxiphora, but has, on the other hand, a striking character in its "peculiar girdle bristles.”

I pointed out in my: paper on Loricella some points of similarity between that genus and Placiphorella. Since

and May's remarks on this species in their valuable paper (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. xii., pts. ii. and iii., Noy., 17! , “Receipt

species has no close relationship with Frembleya, the animal being obviously different. This is now being investigated, but in the meanwhile a nearer ally from a superficial examination might be Loricella." : The outward appearance of the tail valve certainly suggests Loricella, and the strange girdle bristles do still more so, but the unslit tail valve and the non-emarginate girdle show a closer affinity with the Mopaliidae, Pils. For exi present I think we must leave the suggested new genus under Plisbry’s family Mopaliidae, but future research may necessi- tate some revision of this family and that of the Liolophurinae.

a rather striking variant from the normal form. h e program: sulci, edged with black, which traverse the pleura i x

areas, are reduced in this specimen on e valves : three, on others four on each side, and the similar blac dashes on the dorsal area to two on each side

: penn, the sulci are hardly developed at all, and the black P war me :

E is * *

73

ANISORADSIA MAWLEI, I. and M., subspecies SAUNDERSI, Ashby. (Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., vol. xlii., 1918.)

n my “Notes on South Australian Polyplacophora" I gave a brief description of a new chiton, giving it the name of saundersi, and placing it, with some doubt, as a subspecies of Anisoradsia mawlei, I and M. Since my return from America my friend Mr. W. L. May has supplied me with some splendid

the type to Mr. Iredale for his comments, as in 1917 I sent him a second specimen collected at the same time and place.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XI.

Fig. 1. Portion of shell and girdle of Kopionella, n. gen., matthewsi, Iredale, x25, showing oar-headed spicules

e, p. 71. : 5, la. Girdle of same, x100, showing oar-headed spicules, sutural spicules, and fringe spicules. » 2. Shell of Zostericola, n. gen., pilsbryanus, Bednall, x9, p. 66

» 2a. Anterior valve of same.

» 2b. Median valve of same.

» 2c. Inside of median valve of same. det

» 3. Shell of Rhyssopplaz torrianus, H. and H., var. klemt, n. var. 43, p. 72.

Nore.—The enlargements are only approximate.

74

A NEW SPECIES OF AGANIPPE FROM KANGAROO ISLAND By R. H. PurrEiwE, M.B. [Read July 11, 1919.] PLATE XII.

AGANIPPE RAINBOWI, n. Sp.

9. Described from living specimen. Cephalo-thorax, 5 mm. long, 45 mm. broad.

Cephalo-thorax:—Obovate, nearly as broad as long, black or very dark brown, shining, entirely devoid of hairs except two or three stiff ones between the eyes.

Pars cephalica:— Elevated, arched, distinct segmental groove. :

Ocular area:—Twice as broad as long, raised, arched, and provided with bristles.

ypeus:—Narrow, sinuate, sloping forward, weakly indented at middle. i

ars thoracica:—Broad, fully curved at sides, sloping backwards, well-marked radial grooves.

P d Wen Marginal band :—Hardly sinuate, bare of hairs. Eyes:—Front row very slightly recurved, the ——

-

laterals, kie ne elevated, and are separated from each other by one-half the diameter of a median eye. Posterior row procurved. e laterals are the larger, nearly equal in oE to the antero laterals. They also are raised o ted

*

y n eleva bases, looking backwards and outwards. The medians are

corresponding postero lateral. The distance between Sun . postero medians is exactly that of the extreme outward limi

of the antero medians.

Legs:—Similar in colour to thorax; relative lengths,

4, 1, 2, 3; the two anterior pairs armed with long enc Spines, 5 metatarsi, and tarsi of 1 and 2 scopulate. tarsa

claws well developed. Two posterior pairs less robust, clothed . with long stiff hairs and an occasional spine. m dud ey Palpi :—Concolourous with legs, robust, clothed with s

. hairs and bristles, tarsal joint scopulate.

15

Falces :—Black, shining, well domed, forward. Teeth of rastellum minute, shining, brown. Fang long, curved. Mazillae:—Warm, yellowish-brown, furnished over greater part with regularly-set short dark spines, and sparsi thin black hairs. Inner-margin clothed with dense long silky hairs or reddish-brown colour. Labium :— About as broad as long, beset with about 20 short stout black spines in its central are

S e than inferior pair and about half as broad at the base. d. Described from dried specimen. Cephalo-thorax, 4 mm. broad, 4 mm. long; abdomen, 4 mm. long Cephalo-thoraz :—More circular than in the female, flatter, less elevated in front. d Fovea :—Short, procurved, radial markings indistinct. Eye:—Formula identical with that of female, but eye area not bristled. Whole surface of thorax finely granular instead of polished, well-marked sinuate marginal border. egs:—More slender, lengths 4, 1, 2, 3; armature of strong spines, clothing less marked, no tibial mypophysis. Palpi :—Brownish-black, no tibial apophysis, tibial joint large and inflated, unarmed, and sparsely clothed. Bulb concolourous, highly polished, stigma narrow, twisted, termin- ating in filiform style. ; This is much the smallest species of Aganippe yet dis- Covered. Several females and one male were collected in May, 1919, at American River, Kangaroo Island, South Australia. American River, so called, is really a deep bay nearly dividing Kangaroo Island in two. _ : e species was found close to the main settlement in rubbly clay banks, just above high-water mark, and at high tides the nests must be very close to, if not in actual contact, the salt water. The nests are abundant and in p!

76

crowded i pad so that a few cubic inches of clay will con- tain several nes male, which unfortunately became dried, was in a nest like the females e largest nest taken is 6 cm. in total p h, straight,

a species are the dense spiny oa of the anterior two pairs of FRAN legs and the p

1 (male) and 2 Pal in Australian Museum, oy 2 (female), co-type in South Australian Museum, delaide. ;

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XII. Aganippe kane n. sp.

Fig. 1. Female, dorsal view. y 3 Female, sca pis » w$ Male, pelpus, lateral © view. » 4. Nest, Hn Oe Nest, open.

77

NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ABORIGINAL REMAINS BELOW MARINE DEPOSITS AT THE REEDBEDS, FULHAM, NEAR ADELAIDE.

By S. A. Wuite, C.M.B.O.U. [Read July 11, 1919.]

in 1893 Mr. William White, of the Reedbeds, conceived the idea of forming a small lake as a sanctuary for water-fowl d

Ft. In.

3. Alario sai I . 1 V xol I 5 2. Blue clay, very slimy and difficult to remove. At the bottom of this clay there were pockets

6

A 0 bed 5... 06 MIS

peculiar formation of ‘‘swamp-stone,’’ occur- ing in denticulated or stalactitic concretions, IB yelow sna — a oo a nk 0

6. Pure white sand (not bottomed) .. .. ..10 0 _ As soon as the white sand was reached several clay-lined basins were exposed. The clay was from half an inch in thick- | NEM, the rim to 2 inches, or more, towards the bottom of the depression. Close to one of these basins was a length of black

Sandy Soil 1 ft. 6 in. ——————— Blue Clay. l ft. 6 in.

Estuarine Sand and Shells. 3 ft.

lack Clay, with Neteco spp Varies from 10 in.

River Sand, with Calcareous Concretions 3 ft. lamaan

19

I believe, to have been a dipping-place for water by the aborigines. . Close to these dipping-places, and but slightly embedded in the surface of the white sand, were five cores of quartzite, that gave evidence of having been flaked by human hands. Four of these lay in pairs, quite close together, just as if the owners had laid them down after using them, probably for grinding their food.

e excavation was carried down another 10 feet, through the white sand, but as this bed was of the nature of a quicksand, great difficulties were met, with in its removal, for when left for a few hours the sand would cave in and reach its former level, so that after a depth of 10 feet was reached in this bed the work was stopped without reaching its bottom.

It may be said that the benevolent intentions of the owner

o P e o B ~~ N [v] lare] B et cg e o i o lnc c E la] "d m o B E et td o lac]

almost circular in shape, the third being a little Mp on the sides. The clay which composed these basins was dark in

80

sandy bottom, although sea-shells were met with in numbers higher up. Te In the early days, when the blacks were numerous on dd Adelaide Plains, they pulled up the roots of flags and ten d -them between stones prior to cooking. One ips de T Na

indi

cate the occupation of the ground by a tribe of blackfellows that must have long since disappeared. : x

I have to thank Prof. Howchin, F.G.S., for his advice and interest in this subject. The Professor was good per to accompany me and view the site of the excavation, an á am pleased that he will add his valuable scientific views upo the subject. : s band

The section shown in the accompanying diagram is f. the on particulars entered in my note-book at the time o excavation, and is drawn to scale.

81

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ABORIGINAL REMAINS DISCOVERED BY CAPTAIN S. A. WHITE AT FULHAM (DESCRIBED IN THE PRECEDING PAPER), WITH REMARKS ON THE GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

By Pror.. WALTER HowcHIN.. [Read July 11, 1919.]

REMARKS ON THE BEDS PASSED THROUGH IN THE SINKING. The particulars supplied, by Capt. S. A. White relate to e

or examination by the author of the paper, and the following remarks have reference to their geological features. The num- bers prefixed to the paragraphs correspond to the respective beds in Capt. White's descriptions.

Vo. 2.—The blue tenaceous clay, underlying the

?

ed No. 3.—This bed, 3 feet in thickness, represents the a which form

„ommon estuarine forms in the adjacent waters. e matrix 's a slightly-cemented, somewhat coarse sand, mottled with P . This bed gives evidence that the estuary of the atawalonga Creek formerly reached this far north, about half a mile beyond its present limits. Its upper surface has rucked by two channels of erosion subsequently to i deposition. , Bee 4.—Beneath the raised sea bed, as described 3bove, is an indurated black clay with its upper surface show- ing a plane of erosion, varying in thickness from 10 inches to

oo: No pl ) he clay, but near the top of the deposit a somewhat lighter-

Placed in water it iid down to an impalpable black mud, and after washin Pieft a residue of exceedingly fine white ` Sand, mixed with lack granules of a carbonaceous kind.

82

Bed No. 5.—-Only the stalactitic concretions were avail- able for examination from this geological horizon. The particular example shown me by Capt. White is 8 inches in length and numerously branched, reticulated and denticu-

Torrens near Adelaide. They were also present in the alluvial bed, exposed under marine deposits, i o

probably laid down as river wash.

Bed No. 6.—The white sand which formed the lowest bed in the section, and was not bottomed, has all the appear- ance of a wind-blown sand. It contains no organic remains, is of uniform grain, and is practically free from any cementing agent. In the excavation it had the character of a running sand which flowed in as fast as it was shovelled out and stopped all further sinking. It was probably formed as an pot sand dune, the base of which is below the present sea evel.

THE Stone IuPLEMENTS. . The stones showing aboriginal workmanship were of three kinds: pounding-stones or cores, a hammer-stone, and à fabricator.

of siliceous rocks. Four of these have been obtained uen boulders of quartzite washed down from the hills in the vicinity of Adelaide. The fifth is a silieeous rock, of coarser gram» and t : four

... © Howchin : "Remarks on a Geological Section at the new E iv. Glanville, i ien soa olérehico to a suppor B Austr. ; vol. x. (1887), p. A. Sea Level" (Trans

83

Australia. One of the quartzite specimens, the smallest of the

our, shows conchoidal fracture in the flat face and has been

carefully chipped into an almost circular outline at the base. Hammer-stone.—This is a very siliceous quartzite

small granules of kaolin that were interspersed with the quartz grains, leaving the stone somewhat open. It is also bleached

3. Fabricator.—This tool is an oval-shaped, flattish pebble, 22 inches in the greater diameter, the parent rock

stones were found where these implements occurred, but the

Presence of this fabricator proves that such definitely shaped

ones were in use at the time to which the remains belong. Casual Stones.—Two stones of an indefinite character

o> B e o & 5° D 5. Bm g B Qu m La] [zl z W 33 m B g S e BE c E B g B oq e ®©

d are common as beach stones on the local shores; it gives no signs of having been used in any way, but it could only have occurred in the position in which it was found except by human agency. :

THE AcE or THE ABORIGINAL REMAINS. ~ The mean level of the site on which the excavation was ag according to official figures, is at or about high-water evel. The situation is near the western margin of the flood Waters of the River Torrens over the area known as the Reed- beds, and about half or three-quarters of a mile to the

. . methods of manufacture, are identical with those adopted by . the latest 3 of the race.

84

northward of the highest position of the Patawalonga Creek. From Capt. White’s section it is seen that at present there 1s three feet of blue-clay and alluvium at the site covering the estuarine deposits. It is probable that the silt laid down by th d waters of the Torrens is responsible for damming back the tidal waters of the Patawalonga to the extent mentioned above.

e position in which the aboriginal remains were found, viz., 10 feet from the surface, places them either at or a little below low-water mark, while immediately above them is à fluviatile bed, 3 feet or more in thickness, capped by a fresh- water lagoon deposit. Following these river and swamp

resulted in the laying down of 3 feet of estuarine sediments. At the time of the human occupation of the site, neither the river nor the sea had covered the locality, which was occupied by sand drifts, and it was on these sand hills that the aboriginals were camped. As the ground was excavated by Mr. White, sen., in these blown sands to a depth of 10 feet below present low-water mark, there seems very clear evidence of a sinking of the land to the extent of several feet, at least,

since the aboriginal camp was occupied. ES vidences of alternations of level on the coast are supplied

antiquity than any previously noted. The suggestive points

are:—/(a) The sand hills in which the aboriginals ormed

important changes in the physical condition of the neighbour

hood, the sand hills gave place to a river course, the sediments

of which have since developed stalactitic concretions; after

Which, the river stage passed into that of a swamp; big an incursion from the sea; and, in more recent times,

of implements an ad

me latest representatives of th

A. INTRODUCTION.

Ux Go pa ond Ec" ECT We EE : SoS pur aes alae E

85

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF HABRONEMIASIS: A CLINICAL, PATHOLOGICAL, AND EXPERIMENTAL IN- VESTIGATION OF A GRANULOMATOUS CONDITION OF THE HORSE—HABRONEMIC GRANULOMA.

By Lionet B. Butt, D.V.Sc. S.A. Government Laboratory of Pathology and Bacteriology, Adelaide Hospital.

[Read. August 15, 1919.] Puates XIII. ro XV. CONTENTS.

B. GRANULOMATA AS FOUND IN SOUTHERN AUSTRA Clinical: —Distribution; Occurrence; Site: "Dor ation ; Examination Pathological 1— Microscopic examination; Macroscopic duoc ut The larv atode. atoni « on the Life-histories of the Three Species of Habronema:—Habronema muscae, H. megastoma, ma. Animal — mentation. 1. Habronema microstoma— ( M Feeding experiments with SBlomocys t Suet (b) Larvae placed in the skin of the n PNIS skin

(e) re plac (d) L e placed m weed akin. 3. Habron xot megastoma— (a) Larvae placed in the gc epe of the horse. (b) ute added to the rx get oer sac. (c) Larvae placed on scari (d) Larvae placed on moistened d 4. Experiments with Embry . Summary and Discussion y" Experiments. c Discussion ; GRANULOMATA A S FOUND IN Nota AUSTRALIA. General ; Pathological ; Discussio SIMILAR GRANULOMATA AS FOUND, wars AUSTRALIA. Ls "Summer Sores. 27 2. “Swamp Cancer" in the Solomon Islands. . *Leeches" and ''Bursattee."

86

A.— INTRODUCTION. :

In 1916 the present writer recorded the occurrence in Australia of a granuloma which, in his experience, was mos frequently found affecting the external genitalia of the horse.

e condition was found to be of rather infrequent occurrence. It was first observed in 1912, and from this time onwards an occasional specimen was obtained. It was not until the early part of 1914 that the granuloma was found to be due to a larval Nematode. T

These preliminary observations were recorded, and up t that time no record of the occurrence of the condition m Australia had been made.

The condition was described under the name of "io ronemic granuloma, and the opinion was expressed that 4 was none other than the granulomatous affection found et monly in the horse and ass in various parts of the bier ; and known usually as ‘‘summer sores," or "gra gum dermatitis." An hypothesis was advanced that a mene 4 was in some way responsible for the introduction of the pir into or beneath the skin of the animal, and as a larva Habronema had been described as occurring in Stomoxys

d

The present

observations, and records further observations and. ¢ Pa ments. After an investigation into the life-histories of three species of Habronema found in the stomach of the horse; and after an experimental investigation of the wee s nature of the tumours, the original hypothesis has now considerably modified. rom

ince the disease was first recorded as occurring in ones tralia, Lewis and Seddon (1918) have recorded the occurren of the condition in the region of the conjunctiva of epus in Victoria

Place (1915) in a previous publication had attempted tè prove that the occurrence of malignant neoplasms in the or : of the horse was commonly associated with the presence © larval Nematodes in this situation, and although he incrim1p ated a larval Habronema was no record of the wo

i , there having been isolated and identified.

ol ations are outlined below. . 3 , The literature bearing on the subject of ‘‘summer sore?

LI

and other similar conditions is reviewed and discussed in the.

| : | | | q

87

Macroscopic and microscopic examinations of a granuloma end affecting horses in the Solomon Islands are also recorded ow.

B.—GRANULOMATA AS FOUND IN SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA.

Distribution.—Up to the present these granulomata have only been met with by the present writer in the northern parts of Victoria and in South Australia (the only parts of Australia in which the writer has worked).

On the whole they appear to be more common in South Australia than Victoria. There is no reason to believe that they do not occur elsewhere in Australia, but it is probable that they are to be found more commonly in the warmer parts.

_Occurrence.—These tumours have only been met with

da occurred in stable-fed animals, and a large proportion of the cases have been stallions which have been kept in the stable

site.

. In February, 1917, through the courtesy of Mr. H. R. ue Melbourne University Veterinary School, the writer ad an opportunity of examining a specimen of similar char-

s o

: se. Mr. Seddon was informed by the sender that lesions were fairly frequently observed in this situation. ___Lewis and Seddon (1918) have recorded the occurrence of Similar lesions in the conjunctiva of the horse.

re seems to be no doubt that, as the knowledge of

the characteristics of these granulomata becomes more wide-

Spread, they will be found to occur quite frequently in Vic am other than the external genitalia. iP 3 uration.— irly suddenly, an

on.—The rs appear fairly rud this

wee onward they gradually enlarge, and they usually show

88

duration under natural conditions. In one case, however, the tumours persisted for several months, and, although decreas- ing in size, did not completely disappear even during the winter.

developed the characteristic yellowish points. Ulceration has

rarely occurred at this stage. A history of a more or less

sudden appearance, without any evidence of injury 9r bacterial infection, may help one in making a diagnosis.

Macroscopic examination.—The tumours may be single

or multiple, and those of some weeks' duration are usually

ulcerated on the surface. | e from en situated on the glans penis they vary in size irO

that of a pea to larger en that of a eleak The largest

it is seen that the tissue is tough, firm, and fibrous, decir ep inkish In colour, and contains scattered throughout the mass irregular, yellowish, caseous areas varying in size trom

. in length, or even larger. Int caseous areas lie closer to

than the. external surface. = erg caseous areas may contain some calcareous

h individual lesion they have much the same pon r, but vary in form., Those from an ker . in shape, yellow in colour, and hard,

ng a branchi ; o < . whening appearance : Points of caseous tissue seen (on a cross section arà © parts of a larger area. No transition between

89

early, small, and an old, large caseous area is to be found, nor is there any evidence of a young bud or extension. n

our. On careful examination small, pale-yellowish, caseous areas are seen scattered throughout. ese are much smaller, paler, and softer than the areas seen in older lesions, and are enucleated with difficulty.

ppearances of the lesion removed fro: ta- carpal region of the case mentioned above vary somewhat from th ound in lesions from the penis and s h. Beneath

Tue. Th on | and in the skin of the lower lid and palpebral portion of the conjunctiva.

„Microscopic examination.—The microscopic picture is typical, but varies with the age of the lesion. In the older

p ges, anastomising processes dipping deeply into the cutis [Ha The rete cip ali at thia ae is usually slightly ted with eosinophile leucocytes. The epithelium cover- ing the tumour in the other situations sometimes shows gh afpertrophic changes, but it is otherwise normal in appear- m6. The cutis vera is normal in these situations, except for

90

cutis vera the eosinophilic infiltration is seen to be very marked i i

areas, consisting of embryonic connective tissue cells with some mononuclear leucocytes, but with few or no eosinophiles, are seen. | The caseous areas vary slightly in size; they have well-

á x ssue

defined margins acid stains intensely.

capsule. The nuclei of the cells within the areas show some pyknosis, and the chromatim remains for some considerable

time. The protoplasm of the cells is apparently Ie the 1in-

All tissues are included in this necrosis, and distinct forms of blood vessels and connective tissue strands can be detected. In some of the areas a calcerous deposit may be seen. More or less in the centre of the necrotic areas are seen either circular or ovoid spaces containing débris and

aces at one time

appropriately be termed ‘‘worm canals." Larvae or débris

the necrotic foci containing the larvae or to the complete disintegration of larvae or débris. `

sur-

I urved. n other parts of the section the worm is found d

by only a small necrotic area. Often oblique 4”

91

I e lesions examined many larvae have shown marked degeneration with a well-developed necrosis of the surrounding tissues, while other forms have n well preserved, and have caused little or no necrosis of the tissues. This suggests that,

ently been dead, but the retrogressive processes vary markedly In extent in different tumours.

In the older lesions it is not possible to determine the exact nature of the material contained in the circular or ovoid spaces in the necrotic areas, but in the light of the knowledge gained from examining earlier lesions, there can be no doubt that the material is the débris of a larval Nematode.

It must be insisted here that in the older lesions one may be unable to detect any degenerated larvae, or even the spaces which they at one time occupied. This fact renders it important that the histopathological picture in all its vari- ations should be thoroughly studied and understood. If this diagnosis can usually be made, in spite of the fact that no casual organism can be demonstra

The foregoing descriptions of the microscopic appearances apply equally to tumours from the penis and from the sheath, except that in the latter situation the tissue reaction is far oh marked and the necrotic areas more diffusely scattered

roughout the tumour. In both situations there may be marked endothelial proliferation in the intima of the oe. This is often seen in the deeper parts of the mour. Sometimes there is thrombosis of the vessels. The uecrotic areas, however, are in no way associated with the

These areas are

nfiltration of all the tissues with . There is little formation of new tissue apart from

92

thickening of the dense su neous connective tissue ollowing is description of the microscopic appearances of the conjunctival lesions observed by Lewis and om a stu the earliest lesions examined,

viz., those of Case I., the parasites appear to occur primarily in lymph spaces. Only odd parasites or portions (in section) are found apart from the necrotic material. e presence 0 the parasites gives rise to small-celled infiltration as a tissue

b with giant cells. The tissue between the areas is composed typical granulation tissue, with eosinophiles and proliferation

characteristics have been determined. ; A : as been to separate the small necrotic eher! from the tissues of an early lesion. These have been soften

alcohol By ently moving and pressing the cover-slip pla over the DEG Sá of crushed tissue, one ha ul x orcing the larva out of the canal it occ The larva

ers broken Ive removed unbroken, but by piecing the bro portions together the main external characteristics have beet clearly defined.

. As far as can be judged the larva is approximately 3 mm. to Th

ations of the cuticle, but in section en. These longitudinal ridges 7?

93

only seen in transverse sections of the larva. The internal anatomy of the larva has not been accurately determined.

e oesophagus is long, and the intestine occupies the main part of the body cavity.

The description of the larva as found by Lewis and Seddon agrees closely with the above. They do not mention the occurrence of fine longitudinal ridges in the cuticle, but . m the specimen shown the present writer by Mr. Seddon these longitudinal ridges were plainly to be seen. Their presence, as will be sho later, is of importance in the identification of the larva. :

1 rom the foregoing it will be seen that the worm is an immature Nematode, and that it closely resembles the sixth (1913) stage of Habronema muscae as described by Ransom

There is little or no direct evidence as to the mode of entry of the larvae. As Habronema muscae was the only Species the life-history of which had. been determined, it

e necessary to determine the life-histories and morph- ology of the other two species of Habronema before it was possible to attempt to identify the species of larva responsible for the production of the lesions. À

Observations on the life-histories of the three species of Habronema were therefore made, and these will be outlined before the mode of entry and specific identification of the larva are discussed.

OBsRvATIONS ON THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF THE THREE SPECIES or Habronema. Since Carter first described the présence of a Nematode Worm in the head of a house-fly in 1861, many other workers — observed and a similar occurrence.

t w tarvey Johnston (1912) recorded the finding = resembling that of Z. muscae in Stomozys calcitrans, and à Similar larva in Musca vetustissima. : " eo expressed the opinion that the larvae found y . Linstow and others in Stomozys calcitrans might possibly : m the larva of Habronema microstoma.

94

At the time of starting these experiments nothing bei than the aBove was known of the life-histories of the : S species of Habronema found commonly in the stomach of the

gon : artificial conditions both Zabronema muscae and H. sce toma develop through their larval stages in .M wa se At that time it was not possible to take the experimen y further. in Towards the end of 1917 the work was taken Kn when it was found impossible to pass H. megastoma t "ges : Stomozys calcitrans. The work was proceeding when 1

. calcitrans. Nothing further of Hill's work has bee

n and up to the time of writing (March, 1919) ses

learned,

work has not been published. ; h he experiments were continued during 1918 and the

early part of 1919.

TE stomachs od.—For the purpose of obtaining embryos, : taken from horses killed at the Zoological Gardens, Adelaide, were exa n all considerably over one

ble of ‘same animal

used to supply the embryos. d In the later iments sterilized dung was used, an

95

several hours, only the contents from the deeper portions of the tumours being used.

For the purposes of the experiments both Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans were bred artificially and the cultures kept going in the laboratory.

e culture of Stomozys calcitrans was kept going for twelve months, when it was allowed to die out. The flies

Where contamination by ng was exclu 4 estica was fed on a mixture of horse serum, = n ater, and was allowed to deposit its eggs on

rvae, a

Important to regulate the number of fly larvae developing m a culture.

e stomachs were sometimes examined a few hours after

obtained of the number of species present. Only in one case to

commonly present than was at first expected, and in most of the stomachs examined could be found, although often only Habronema muscae was

blood in the body of the worm. Chemical tests for blood were 3 obtained with extracts from these worms.

96

occurrence, and 1 nly met with than the other species Sometimes one would obtain two or three stomachs consecu- tively which containe megastoma, an any

was more rarely met with than H. microstoma, H. being the most common, and usually found in each stomach examined. UT or the purposes of the subject under investigation it was considered that any detailed study of the adult forms was unlikely to give any useful information. o detailed study of the development of the worm larvae in the*fly larvae, pupae, and adults was made, as, oi neces- sity, a limit had to be placed on the scope of the investigation. The following is a brief outline of the observations made on the embryos and larvae of the three species of Habronema and examination of adult flies: —

THE LIFE-HISTORY OF Habronema muscae (Carter, 1861). Ransom has already shown that embryos of Habronema muscae, passed along with the faeces of the horse, gain entrance to the larvae of Musca domestica, probably through being swallowed by the fly larvae. The embryos gain the body

e observed may have been larvae of Habronema megastoma. i experiments undertaken in 1916 under artificial con- ditions conti ansom's conclusions. i |» Embryos of H. muscae.—Embryos that have been pas". out from the female have been found to be enclosed in à thin

(o mensure from

97

light, temperature, and bacterial growth. They rarely show any tendency to leave the shells. When placed in tap water the majority of the embryos are found to be free in twenty- four hours. ;

These larvae were found to resemble the sixth larval stage of H. muscae, as described by Ransom. As many as eight larvae were found in the head and proboscis of one fly. —

In the later experiments the examination of flies that had

to eighteen à : : _ Flies bred in sterilized horse-dung, with which had been mixed an emulsion of embryos in normal saline solution,

- . 2 i ; . 50 <T mm. The maximum width was found to vary from 9" P to 66°6 u. The head was rounded and the body tapered slightly INST |

98

from about the posterior part of the oesophagus. The tail was pointed and possessed a small rounded tip furnished with minute spines. The anus was open and situated 83:3 p from the point of the tail. The pharynx was 43:3 p long; the nerve ring 130 » from the anterior end of the body, and the anterior portion of the oesophagus 133 p to 140 p long.

The larvae were embedded in paraffin and sectioned. On transverse section the cuticle was found to be traversed by fine longitudinal ridges. These numbered from forty to forty- Wo, as near as could be determined; started immediately behind the head and ended near the tail.

Experiments were undertaken to determine the power of

the larvae to leave the proboscis of the fly. Flies were placed in an inverted wide-mouthed Florence flask. The mouth of the flask was surrounded by gauze, which also surrounded the mouth of a test tube situated several inches below and con- taining sugar dissolved in water. This test tube was kept fille

with the solution, which was examined from time to time for the presence of larvae. The flies drank freely of the solution, but at no time were any larvae found to have escaped into the solution. :

. In one case two flies kept overnight in a test tube contain- ing a small amount of sugar solution were found to be ead

through the lips of the proboscis. This is probably due is rupture of the proboscis during handling rendering it possible ihe larvae to escape from their situation in the mu portion into the food canal. Experiments were made to determine whether larvae are capable of P eia filter paper. A short test tube W^?

scular

ee RT uL ui Eam d M Wc i aL. d uM MG per ser

99

. Larvae were found to remain alive in the bodies of dead flies for several days if loss of moisture was prevented.

Tue LIFE-HISTORY or Habronema megastoma (Rudolphi, 1819). The methods adopted in this investigation have alread been mentioned. The embryos were sometimes obtained from the contents of the submucous tumours and sometimes from the gravid female. Embryos of H. megastoma.—The embryos are enclosed in a thin shell or membrane. They are doubled on themselves 1n the shape of the letter U, the tail coming to lie close to the head. The shell measures from 43:3 p to 53:3 p long by ll6 p to 13:3 » wide. The widest portion of the embryo measures 6'6 p. : e embryos when placed in saline solution and tap water behave in the same way as those of H. muscae. When they do break away from the shell they remain bent in the shape of

encysted. From four to five days later these larvae had developed into the final larval stage. The atmospheric

fly. The proboscides of many of the flies were seen

"alyz When these flies were examined some days later the larvae were found to be less active than when first making their appearance in the head and proboscis. - been observed that if flies die when the larvae are m an early stage of development these larvae quickly die, but if the final larval stage has been reached the larvae live for

100 two or three days, provided that desiccation is prevented. rvae in an earlier stage of development have at times been found in the proboscis along with larvae in the final stage of development. : ailure to produce an infestation of flies occurred, in exactly parallel circumstances as in the case of the experi- ments with Habronema muscae. All attempts to obtain any development of embryos of Habronema megastoma in Stomozys calcitrans failed. Larvae of H. megastoma.—Larvae obtained from the

number of 40 or 42, as near as could be determined. Observations on the power of the larvae to leave the proboscis of the fly gave the same results as those given in the case of H. muscae. periments made to determine the power of the larvae to penetrate filter paper gave negative results.

Tur LIFE-HISTORY or Habronema microstoma (Schneider, 1866). The methods adopted at this, investigation have ier been mentioned. The embryos were obtained from the gra‘ female. Fermenting lawn clippings were used as à breeding

Embryos of H. microstoma.—The embryos when taken rom i ai . hey

in a thin shell or membrane. When plac 2d and tap water, respectively, they behave in the same way those of H. muscae. when passed out The faeces of a a

101

material. Flies hatching out from eighteen to nineteen days later contained larvae. ies.—The rate of development of the worm larvae within the developing larvae and pupae of Stomozys calcitrans appears to depend largely upon temperature. Flies bred at to 22°

pi b

ment situated usually in the abdomen. ) higher temperature, 25? to 26? C., develop more quickly, from

For the most part, newly-hatched flies showed larvae in

These larvae developed into the final stage in from five to seven days, and migrated to the head and proboscis. Larvae

ttempts Usually gave negative results, an aberrant development of larvae of H. muicrostom domestica, In thi of the flies examined showed embryos and larvae in varying development was distinctly aberrant, the la

Sia from ‘one of the embryos developed in as seen in the normal development. The longer

*

Ld

102

all dead and degenerating. The measurements of some of these longer forms were 151°5 p, 318 p, and 424 p long — tively. Unfortunately, the preparations were lost throug E accident before a more complete examination could be - : The subject was not pursued an further, for at the yd it was thought that it had little bearing on the matter unde investigation. | i ds arvae of H. microstoma.—Larvae obtained from

: on d to the bulb. These were placed in saline solution in p chambers. One set was left at room temperature, 2 boscis. one hour, and when examined no larvae had left em d o

to contain extremely active larvae. . The proboscides FA

then examined, and only an occasional larvae was foun

have been unable to leave the proboscis. larvae periments made to determine the power of the la

to penetrate filter paper gave negative results.

2 ! T SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION OF THE SALIENT Ousmane aoronema muscae was found to pass through its rage es in Musca domestica, but showed no developmen H ossess

| Stomozys calcitrans. . megastoma was found to p

similar life-history

toma was found to pass through its larval stages

x - micros di in S. caleitrans, and show sometimes an aberrant developme

103

The larvae of H. muscae and H. megastoma were found o possess very similar appearances. H. megastoma was usually slightly shorter than H. muscae, possessed a longer pharynx and a shorter anterior oesophagus, and the nerve ring was situated nearer the anterior end than in H. muscae. Both species of larvae possessed longitudinal ridges in the cuticle. It is doubtful if these small differences in the appearances of the two larvae would prove sufficient for the purpose of differentiating larvae taken from granulomata, as in this case the larvae usually show some retrogressive changes and exam- mation is more difficult. i e of H. microstoma were found to be shorter than

larvae, and the worms undergo their evolution in the pupae. When the flies hatch out they are infested with adult parasıt which cause paralysis of the proboscis on account of th accumulation in this situation. T rvae apparently do not possess the power of

i is of flies. Rupture

by the larvae, which pressure would be in direct proportion to the number of larvae present and their activity. r the larvae appear to be capable of penetrating other objects Such as filter paper. : : arvae do not appear to live in saline solution, horse Serum, or water for longer than two or three , and rarely

a as long as seven days. The longevity of the larvae outside the

104

body of the fly may depend to some extent on the period of time elapsing between their development into the final stage and their escape or removal from the proboscis.

Observations on the worm embryos suggest that these normally do not leave the egg-membrane, and their róle.is a passive one. ;

N Preliminary experiments carried out in 1916 and 1917

heads and proboscides of flies, and placed in a sealed pipette held vertically and filled with normal saline solution. When

hyperplasia of the fixed cells, and the formation of multi-

nucleated cells. No necrotic areas were produced. . : It was conceivable that keeping the larvae in saline

prevented the occurrence of necrosis. In later experimen ® larvae were either allowed to escape from the proboscis due into the tissues of experimental animals, or a mixture of equ parts of normal serum and saline was used as a medium 9 inoculation. The larvae were only allowed to remain in this fluid for about thirty minutes before being used. f The preliminary experiments made in the latter p id 1916 and the early part of 1917 were seven in number, 4? animal .was the one designated as pony in the 7" experiments outlined below. These preliminary experimen . Were made as follows: — _ Experiments with Habronéma muscae:—

2 i » D) Embryos of H. muscae were placed in moist sawdust and |

ss, Q1Be mass applied to the shaved skin of a horse. — RU AM (2) = eee from the proboscis of a fly were placed on in NIE HM s Ne of. scii itae the site being moisten

RSEN TESTE e tY

105

(8) Four larvae were placed in the conjunctival sa (4) revit or pe larvae were placed beneath ihe skin af

(5) Henaint (4) repeated. (6) Experiment (4) repeated on a rabbit. Results.—No evidence was obtained serene > Meg the

embryos or larvae were capable of penetrating the ere evi ny change in the tissues of the eiue

sac following the instillation of the larvae. slight induration at the site of inoculation of the One

`s was removed, and the mioposonpie m revealed the changes in the tissues mentioned a e was produced in the tissues of the rabbit following “IDOA,

pores with date Sparen megastoma :— In this Harat were placed e tissue

In the following experiments two animals were used throughout. For the purpose of identification one will be called pony and the other mare.

d ily. After the feeding operations the site f omewhiat swollen, which Pc ing had increased "lightly by = pe morning, but rapidly disappea ared du

other. site was "eire tul and t the laien repeated on the

e experiment was PERESS. pe the pony with the same

x4, Some months later, eine get flies were placed in a cage

k h was placed over a shaved area of the skin of the mare and

*pt in apposition for two hours v bs means of dages. eas iments.

experiment gave the same result as the Pura experim Th mplete failure to pro-

It was observed that the roboscides of many of the flies bids

ir irsed; and that the flies had to a great exten nt lost their des

x ADEM to bite. They fed more readily on a rabbit, but vn ily :

(5) Larvae placed in the skin of the horse— It was observed that wh e pro roboscis was removed fion a in Oa kalina lec kept at 37° C., the larvae It was deciicd to Jotapatan sot — of the larvae to incisions were the subcutaneous tissues O e iw se -— Doi so made i EIU. e ee

106

about twenty hours later, he proben yere. removed and the

wound again protected by a covering of adhesive plaster. There

was a marked swelling Foai 4 eac nid aud d a quc of pus w

i 4 € e E ct ore o 9 dE H E £o e [e] ro) S — au S

seen assoc und in any of the sections made. e other area left for borike obier takini gradually e experiment was repeated in m detail on the pony. wm ates ie Pelultod. One removed twelve days after Fi ect showed the same histologital piter as the one mon the mare, but no BedPotio areas or larvae were detected in any 9 the MD h experiments were carried out during September, when the weather had become warmer ty e leaving of the p roboscides in the wound for vba hours Eres a iiri discharge, it was dec ided to co siderably reduce this time in futur iments. xcd About six weeks later four proboscides were placed ina ese in - skin of the mare. These were removed from five to $ a

a © [o] ‘al "m (o. la. E.

tissue Lie eosino hiles

ne : x ves were infiltrated with polymorphs and eosinophite ere nt — distance from the site of inoculation

Micteihdod ule euc es.

The o pre was removed ten days after inoculation. mid was present... a hard Penn about. the size of a Barcelona ction Microscopic Slt pr nome accu e usual ar eP ory ren

se s a are TI m experiment gave

: es "e e- ut completely y negative re result, eher taking place without any tum

bust of E

107

been successfully inoculated, and as only a fleeting infiltration the Ss occurred after inoculation, the me oned.

2. Experiments with H. muscae :— (a) Larvae placed in the skin of the horse— X proboscides of Musca. domestica heavily uper with s

relh were pla an incision in t of mare, and emoved five to six hours later Tumefaction of the tissues was produced, which increased d the twenty-four hours after

urin inoculation, and then gradually xubelded. About a week later a swelling about the size of a Barcelona nut was present. i rapidly reduced in size and completely disappeared.

he day following the first inoculation another inoculation was made with the same results as the first.

ome days later three more inoculations were made. After ^ rimar mefaction of the tissues had disappeared in from wenty-four to forty-eight hours no abnormality could be detected.

: periments were repeated on the pony all, three "sers ons were nly a slight primary tumefaction of e tissues resulted which disappeared in ab thirty-six hours,

; T leaving only a very slight thickening, which completely dis- Ppeared in from fourteen to twenty-one Gays. (b) Larvae added to the conjunctival sac— bout the same time as the above experiments were made

A ey were placed in a pipette containing a mixture of equal

E of mal horse serum nor e on e taae were then along with a small quantity of the mix- ure to the conjunctival sac (off side) of the mare. e conjunc-

tiva remained normal in appearance, and no excessive lacrymation Was produced

wever, conjunctiva remained normal in appearance. (c) Larvae placed on a scarified area of skin— the Am eres of the skin of the mare was lightly scdrified, and sscides placed on the moist surface, and kept in place i

is experiment was repeated with the same resu. IM also repeated on the pony, and no reaction was

(d) Larvae placed on a moistened area of skin— moistened with

Ls gge on this. The followin 7 th was th s : g morning there

the f tion of an elevation in the skin, but it was not observed

Same ele evening. is experiment was repeated

the There was no reaction produced in the tissues to suggest that larvae has penetrated the skin.

: 108

3. Experiments with H. megastoma:— (a) Larvae placed in the skin of the horse—

Proboscides of Musca domestica heavily infested with larvae were placed in three incisions in the skin of the mare and remov

lerosc

of the tissues with .annotbiley, hyperplasia of the fixed cells, the formation of mult + sheen cells, the presence of necrotic re

e other Seat aig pe arched: for about three weeks, when i d.

e experiments were repeated on the p Prob eee senis placed in three iih in the skin pesa hla from ba s

* ena s scopic examination showed that the larvae had made marii nto the subcutaneous tissues, where they were surroun nd ee es

The other two areas were left for further observation. tum forty eight Harris after inoculation the swelling had alm ost a in de vut our days’ time there was little or okoia “of the tiss

(b) Larvae added to the conjunctival sac— j ae were added to the conjunctival sac rien produced

a a further three days the c conjunctiva was injected and nai

swollen. Small Laedewiah “tubercles” were to be seen on the membrana ese persisted for over a week, but in a fortni eros

bod

s. De en experiment was repeated on ihe pony with exactly the

e had « ad entirely disappeared. Epiphora continued, however,

(c) Latva placed on a scarified area of skin— us . Larvae were placed on three scarified areas of the skin of mare. Larvae were added to one of the venie areas on Ne days. In case was any reaction produc rade : raat agi aw ted th n pe Scari þe ! Mi AL on on "the pony, ( d) Tõm placed on a otesid area of skin— me RUE Larvae,» P gs paret two moistened areas of the s&Im : (the pos No reaction was p roduced. of the 'erim nk was repeated on two areas of the skin

109

4. Experiments with embryos:—

Embryos of the three species kept in saline and tap water respectively, were added to sterilized horse-dung or sawdust and placed on shaved areas of the skin of the two horses.

. In no case was any reaction produced in the skin of the animals.

5. Summary and discussion of the experiments : —

a penetration was produced.

Larvae of H. muscae possessed the power of making er way into the subcutaneous tissues, but only a very slight tissue reaction was produced, and this quickly disappeared. When they were added to the conjunctival sac they produced no reaction. The larvae did not appear to be capable of penetrating the lightly scarified skin, nor the moistened, uninjured skin.

Larvae of H. megastoma produced a typical granuloma

‘occurring under natural conditions. Those larvae that were not rapidly destroyed and removed produced typical necrotic areas in which the degenerating larvae persisted for some

stoma and H. megastoma were comparatively small, and Showed little aiy. Likewise, the conjunctivitis uced by the larvae of H. megastoma was not of a very severe Character The larvae of H. megastoma, when they produced to be better preserved than those of

110

H. microstoma found in the granulomata produced by the latter. .

Under the conditions of the experiment the embryos of all three species appeared to be incapable of penetrating the skin of the horse. :

In these later experiments the results obtained in the preliminary experiments were confirmed, viz. ; larvae of H. muscae produced no conjunctivitis and no typical granuloma in the skin, and the larvae of H. megastoma produced no typical granuloma in the skin of the pony.

The experiments have shown that the larvae of all three

Considering the number of larvae inoculated, is: number of necrotic areas produced was small. This appea

larvae. Tissues removed from five to six hours after ne tion with larvae have shown the larvae surrounded iN neutrophile leucocytes, which attack and apparently quic e remove them. Some of the larvae, ds

These neutrophile leucocytes are not found in the n: removed from five to seven days after inoculation. The dd that certain larvae of the same species appear to offer mo

Discussion. , That these larval Nematodes are the cause of the granu lomatous reaction there appears to be no possible doubt. m Micr oscopical examination demonstrates that the larv ;

od

he site. all „cause a tumefaction of the tissues which later usua Y

111

be regarded as an epi-phenomenon. Added to this evidence : is the failure to demonstrate by any conceivable met the presence of any bacterium, mould, or protozoon, except a

e. ; Experimentally it has been shown that larvae of

: to that found under natural conditions. This fact, taken with |

seen about many of the caseous areas to be found commonly in the internal organs of most herbiverous animals.

The fact that, although the larvae die out soon after the first appearance of the lesion, the tumour goes on enlarging, | and may exist for some considerable time, 1s of extreme interest.

Production. There is no increase in the number of foci as, for example, occurs in actinomycotic granulomata, except in the case of re-infection or super-infection. im g e growth of the tumour is due pun bs the jum he subst. i ioi in the degenerating or à - " ances which originate in g M A n Mis

8 E a. 3 a E a. 8E "d 3 g $ e 3 È E E e $ a B

of E larva. The continued presence and enlargement of the

112

necrotic areas would produce a corresponding tissue reaction, and so the tumour would continue to enlarge or grow.

The chronicity of the tumour is due mainly to three factors, whilst in some cases there is a fourth. In the first place the slow diffusion of the necrosis;producing substance,

i í : ing in tinctly observed in tumours examined from cases occurring d

ere se no doubt that the presence o cn larvae in the subepithelial tissues is accidental. qs ar hd apparently have no power of completing their life-history, Í even in

anyth granular débris. However, soon after their introduction the larvae must

arva cannot correctly be called a parasite, des parasite may be defined as a living organism which takes its abode on or within other living organisms for the p

REL eem cep arama m cU EE . ( That absorption of dead tissue depends mainly upon ‘hf dala or incompleteness of the destruction of bus M ,.r enzymes is illustrated by the following experi $t resh normal tissue, one heated to 100° C., a : red, when placed in the abdominal cavity of the same i ve iffe changes. The unheated tissue soon unde : and is absorbed, whereas the heat Rr e eS no autolytic changes, and is very

113

There seems to be little doubt that the larva present in the lesions belongs to the genus Zabronema.

à In tracing the evolution of these tumours from the earliest

recognizable lesion, and taking into consideration their situa-

larvae are capab grating in the subcutaneous tissi for some little distance from the point of entry, this migration is very limited, an larvae are soon s unded by leuco-

All the larvae found in the tumours have presented the same appearances, and must be regarded as being of the same stage of development. There is nothing to suggest that the

vae have passed through any developmental stages in the tissues of the horse.

mental conditions; H. megastoma has the same life-history as useae ; 3 i

vetustissima in Queensland, so it seems possible that these es may be capable of ing through their Stages in other flies, particularly Muscids. Nothing, however,

114

to penetrate the mucous membrane should they desire to t capable of so doing.

Larvae found in the lesions resemble those of Habronema muscae and H. megastoma, the cuticle of both these Macs possessing longitudinal ridges, but not those of H. mierostoma, the cuticle of this form showing no longitudinal ridges. b

. megastoma is found in tumours situated in e o mucosa of the stomach of the horse. It is generally Be that it perforates the gastric mucous membrane, p obably

semi-digested material in the alimentary canal. It is, ey fore, a parasite of tissues rather than of the contents o

g loma than the larvae of the other two species. Experimental evidence also suggests that the larva of H. megastoma m

E Z se

Although the experimental evidence suggests that © arva of H. muscae di not readily penetrate the conjunciv . OF produce a granulomatous reaction in the subcuta

‘

115

tissues, it is not possible to say that it is never responsible for the production of a habronemic granuloma.

linical and experimental observations suggest that the production of a habronemic granuloma depends in some

the particular species present. th Experimentally i& has been shown, for example, that e presence of larvae of Z. microstoma in the subcutaneous

S

ik Dite ri possible, further, that certain tissues may react citum a way as to produce a habronemic granuloma, while Bie vem in the same animal show no such reaction. The ix eo H . megastoma, for example, may set up a habronemic a "en Mie but when present in the subcutaneous tissues e same animal little or no reaction is produced ( vide

experiments). j hs mete | that larvae of H. megastoma are responsible e production of habronemic granulomata, it seems likely s a ties o im deciles are more Hiti pn uce these lesions than other varieties. Certain “pemp or example, may possess more vigour 1n penetrating ostes membranes: or moist surfaces, or they may possess r powers of adaptation. The same may be true for the

Tt is possible that habronemic granulomata may be due m orded species of Habronema,

M ame and that in the final larval stage the larvae of Speci

Possible that S. calcitrans may be the intermediate host of R other species of Habronema, the larva of which shows longitudinal ridges in the cuticle; but there is probably no

116

necessity to fall back on such an hypothesis as this. It seems possible that S. calcitrans infested with larvae of H. micro- stoma may inoculate these larvae into the skin of a horse with

larvae.

As far as can be ascertained the granulomata observed on the sheath and limbs have not resulted from infection of a wound. In no case has there been a history of a previous wound. It is possible that small wounds may have been over looked, but it must be conceded that the sheath is a very

_ These granulomata appear about the sheath and limbs, sites commonly attacked by Stomozys calcitrans. When one

wounds into the skin and subcutaneous tissues. . Wounds would often present ideal conditions for contam- ination by larvae and their subsequent penetration into the deeper tissues. It is probable that this method of infection does occur, but there seems to be no doubt that it is not the only method of infection. _, Habronemiasis is so common in horses that it is rare to find a stomach free from one or other of the three species so, it is remarkable that habronemic granulomata

and er temperate countries ere are sev Y reasons for this: —(1) Z. megastoma is not as common the species. It has been suggested that larvae of ge

the proboscis of flies is n dans Tt would appear that the larvae may escape from

117

enough to produce marked activity in the larvae, then it would appear that the escape of larvae from the proboscis is nob very likely to occur. Experimental observations have Shown that the escape of larvae from the proboscis is not of frequent occurrence. (3) All animale do not ‘appear to be susceptible. (4) It seems possible that certain strains or varieties of the same species are more likely to produce lesions than others.

n éach granuloma examined there have been a large number of larvae or necrotic areas present. This indicates that

probably explained by the fact that the larger the number of arvae present in the proboscis of a fly the more likelihood of

Skin coverin eg S scs fact that the necrotic foci are found close to or involving

C. GnawNULOMATA AS FOUND IN NORTHERN AUSTRALIA.

General.—A granulomatous affection of horses, commo 3 " and descri y

Anown as “swamp cancer, i an

or tropical portions of Australia. The condition has. bee thoroughly described by Lewis, who studied it in the field, aad also conducted some experimental work in an attempt to artificially produce the disease. oe

The present. writer was imp with the great similarity between this condition and the granulomata served in Southern Australia. On request, specimens pp swamp

T18

cancer” were kindly supplied by Mr. J. F. McEchran and Mr. C. G. Dickinson.

and soft, while in the older lesions they are larger, darker a colour usually, and harder. It is evident that the growth 5 e tumour depends upon an enlargement of the necro y areas and an increased tissue reaction, i.e., the number 0 necrotic areas does not increase as the tumour grows. 3 e necrotic areas when separated out from the surrounc-

e marked irregularities or “branchings. es necrotic areas are typical of “swamp cancer” as of the gran lomata described above. ; : Ulceration of the surface is much more extensive 1n

cer’ than in the granulomata observed 1n

de

. The e Mp epitheloid (endothelial) cell reaction with, at times, the fo jut ion of many multinucleated cells. Necrotic areas 0c

or less encapsulated. When ulceration of the surface 18

lomata ing in Southern Australia. The only vere is due to the earlier and more extensive ulceration a Secondary infection of the superficial parts of the Hear This gives rise to an infiltration of the tissues with neutrop^? l leucocytes, which are found mainly in the more superficia parts of the lesion, but are not seen attacking the Men areas. The tissue reaction is very marked, being greater larger the tumour. ce The caseous areas have the same microscopic sppe n as those already described, but calcification has not bee cancer." i lesion has been examined, so that ke p en possible to demonstrate any larval Nematode. l. ces resembling worm canals have been 09S

119

Possibly, however : er, these are blood vascul been included in the necrotic area. Bier apte B eco

Bonner 2 cm. and a depth of about 6 mm. It was ad an ulcerated surface. Microscopically there

there ; ware m no attempt at encapsulation. Multinucleated cells The i several parts of the section. e Sd ad ple lesion was examined in serial section and no ak e Wer dude The lesion, although a very small early as AE ably of several weeks' standing, and not as the hype i s assumed from its size. A consideration of Es ophic changes in the epithelium, which must have ma weeks’ duration, led to this conclusion. tniidition af rag atest here that there is a granulomatous hale E ing horses in the Solomon Islands known under Where, and pii mp This condition is discussed else- st not be confused with the “ cer" Northern Australia. 1 e “swamp cancer of Th i DISCUSSION. "nid is a great similarity between the macroscopic and iu. pathology of “swamp cancer" an habronemic a as observed in Southern Austral

o larvae have been found at they have not been i the result of

e invasi vasion. At the same time there is no proof that larvae

are res > responsible for the reaction.

_ Pass through their larval stages in Musca domestica,

120

ar nucleated cells, is due to the reaction of the tissues against an invasion by a larval or adult metazoan parasite, usually a Nematode. There seems to be no reason to suggest that “swamp cancer” offers an exception.

It is now known that these lesions in the skin and external mucous membranes of the horse are most commonly due to à larval Habronema, and there is strong presumptive evidence that “swamp cancer" is due to a similar larva

large, chronic lesions. Their small size appears to depend upon the few necrotic areas present and a resistance on the part of the animal which is apparently absent in those animals which develop large, chronic lesions. : xperimentally it has been shown that larvae belonging

ally it has also been shown that apparently the tissues of some animals offer a strong resistance to the presence of these es ai and are capable of quickly destroying them before they are able to produce much reaction. It will be seen, therefore, pre the possibility is that “swamp cancer" may be due to any pus of the three ies of Habronema. Evidence is not in free however, of : tha probability ot “swamp cancer" being due ns eA of either H. muscae or H. megastoma. These two "T ble mp be

thi : an 5 fly 1s not usually to be found far afield, it seems proba that it is iated with the occurrence of “swa

e

species ns there is more inoculated with these

121

M than with those of the other two species. It has been

suia experimentally that larvae of H. microstoma, although

eing able to set up a typical reaction with necrosis, quickly AS a

of the reasons for the failure so far to demonstrate the pres- Le of any larvae in the tissues. Also, as the presence in the of larvae of H. microstoma would apparently depend upon

te. It seems possible also that “swamp cancer" may be due to y some other form of

mu ges ; scid such as Musca vetustissima, which may be found

A neral eosinophilia may or may not be demonstrable, but ko rud case the eosinophile leucocytes found in the lesion have very Ene there by the circulating blood. Lewis is not

the nophile leucocytes in a tissue is not always indicative of 7^ Rtenenoe of a verminous parasite.

4

lomata are due to a larval Habronema, this result is not very

122

8: : : Lewis concludes that the probability is that the virus which causes the lesions “is normally a habitant of the amps."

is necessary, or the appearance of the causative agent In th horse is an accidental phenomenon. . . ." These conclu- sions actively support the above hypothesis, for if the lesioni v due to a larval //abronema, the presence of an intermedia

host or carrier is necessary, and, moreover, the appearance 0 the causative agent in the horse is, as far as we know, 4?

accidental phenomenon.

“Swamp cancer” occurs in horses in the field, but ues these animals are brought in and placed on “hard food, adi informs us, the tumours gradually disappear. If the gran"

surprising, for in this case there is present no virus or muc organism capab ti

to transmit the disease from horse to 2°" taken as very strong evidence against the probability

4

123

of the condition being due to some micro-organism or virus capable of multiplication in the tissues.

[1j H . * E

Swamp cancer" certainly shows a variation in non-

vs Southern Australia, but this is possibly due to several actors. In the first place, it is unlikely that “swamp cancer" is due to am invasion of larvae of either Z uscae or

ed "vate C j n the third place, the climatic ioa itions would have a decided effect on the nature of the an invasion by a larval Habronema.

erred in Southern Australia. After a more extensive E >” in the examination of s ecimens, and after certain perimental studies, this opinion is still hel In conclusion, it may be said that there is strong pre- ncer” as observ

the northern parts of Australia is due to the invasion of the

D. SIMILAR GRANULOMATA AS FOUND OUTSIDE AUSTRALIA. ; 1. “Summer Sores.” i affection was first described, in 1850, by Bouley. F fa, In 1868, isolated a worm from the sores, and called it h é summe ave been published. The literature bearing on the subject

named "summer sores," 1 " and

ompan i ES €s, but the. head and chest, and also the conjunctiva, are

de frequently the sites of lesions.

124

The condition has been described as occurring mainly in India, Africa, and tropical America.

For the most part the descriptions both of the paiba and the associated larvae have been neither very accura nor full. p.

Railliet in his report deals extensively with the Yu. of Descazeaux, who studied the condition in Brazil. fcis cazeaux conducted some careful observations, and his Ws es tion has considerably advanced our knowledge of the a deb X

The following is a brief summary of the descripti given by Descazeaux : —

g mm 13

h ` $ 5 5 : ri heal. If the sore is only in the first stage it will disappea from four to six da

X pea | By. ughly Microscopical.—The tumour in the first stage divi ROME

cocytes : superior layer formed chiefly of thickened fibrous tissue. ue dr middle, parasitic case area .. These, p gi by found, measuring from 800 » to 900 mu in le .300 x to 400 u in’ breadth. ; d vary from . The worms are found in these necrotic areas, an ty which . two to five in number. (me areas prese ft T . stagb marily occupied by the parasite. In tumours of th Stage it is difficult to find typical parasitic nec the . ‘umours consist mainly of dense fibrous tissue. Som débris of a parasite is seen. : is = _,. Descazeaux also gives a description of the Pri a Which as Railliet has shown, he wrongly consider inde mature female. This parasite he calls the “constant parasite —

125

and describes it as being from 2'4 to 2:8 mm. long by 45 to 50 p broad, body filiform, terminating posteriorly i blun point furnished with bristles; cuticle striated longitudinally. In one sore he found, on dissecting the superficial part, five examples of a larva which he calls the “inconstant parasite. This is described as being 900 p long by 25 p broad, cuticle smooth, anus at the base of the tail, and vulva at the posterior third of the body.

. Raillie& draws attention to the occurrence of cutaneous lesions in which larvae have been found, but which differ from the "constant parasite’ of Descazeaux. He recalls that Ercolani

et with embryos of a Nematode in a horse on w ich were found “umbilicated crusts” about 1 cm. broad and very t

et in oedematous plaques which somewhat resembled the lesions of dourine. These embryos measured 80 to 90 p long by 35 to 4 u broad. Buffard believed these to be the embryos of Filaria papillosa (Setaria equina), but Railliet shows that he was mistaken. Railliet believes that the embryos found by Ercolani and ard are embryos of Zabronema. E Further, Railliet believes that the *inconstant parasite : x i larval stage of Habronema, resem- bling stage 2 of H. muscae, as described by Ransom.

‘summ

126

larval stage of Hubronema muscae, as observed by Ransom in Musca domestica. ' ter discussing the findings of the various authors, Railliet comes to the conclusion that the Nematode of “sum- mer sores” is none other than a larva of Spiroptera of the genus Habronema. His general conclusions are as follows : — 1. The parasite of verminous dermatitis is an embryo or a larva of Habronema, which it is rational to ascribe to one of the three species of the genus living in the stomach of the horse. : 2. The clinical forms of the affection vary in a certain measure with the stage of evolution of the parasite and with the climate. 3. It is probable that the infection of the horse occurs rom without inwards by contact with manure, which harbours the embryos of Habronema rejected with the excrements, and that these embryos evolve in the skin as they do normally in the body of

the fly. 4. It is possible also that the larvae escape from the proboscis of the fly in contact with the sores.

More recently van Saceghem (1917) published a summary of some observations he had made on ^ lar dermatitis as it occurs in equines at Zambi, Lower Congo. He found that the condition occurs only in animals kept in stables. The bedding was changed and the dung removed regularly from these stables. i

disease is never localized in the hindquarters, but always in the fore quarters, on the legs, and the inner canthus of the eye. Lesions in other situations are rare. quines

e larvae marked longitudinal striations. The lesions usually show P

says that there is thus a massive infection at a single poin sd and it is not very probable that these larvae are all convey curing one short period of time to the same point. P. 1n a later communication, van Saceghem (1918) sid ‘ts of some experiments, and concludes that flies : ctors of the Habronema larvae, and that the larva foun

127

mortem examinations made at Zambi no specimens of H. megastoma were found. His conclusion was that H. megastoma was either absent or very rare at Zambi. In his experiment he, therefore, deposited larvae of Musca domestica on a freshly volded mass of dung from a horse "known to be infected with H. muscae." When the adult flies hatched out they were found to be infected with larvae in a proportion of 70 per cent.

became h to bite itself. The wound became transformed into a char- acteristic “summer sore."

Discussion.

i here can be no doubt that the etiology of the tumours ound in Southern Australia and of those found elsewhere, and larvae found

e same. sores” appear to be identical with those found in

2M.

128

believes that the clinical form of the malady may be in agree- ment with the stage of evolution of the parasite. xi ere appears to be very little evidence to suppo Railliet's theory, viz., that the lesions are due to the p tion of the skin by embryos which develop as erratic PAM in an abnormal situation in undergoing an analagous deve op ment to that which they accomplish normally in the body ke thefly. It has been shown experimentally that the final es stage can produce a typical reaction, so, at least, this aberran development does not a r to be necessary. : 3 is possible that eiecti may either penetrate the skin or become lodged in sores, where they may set up a pose reaction, but there is no experimental evidence to suppo this assumption. p 4 Even if we assume the possibility of omiy D Habronema setting up a certain type of lesion in the X there appears to be little or no evidence to suggest that P embryos are capable of developing through their larval peue in this situation. Further, there is no proof that the em dud found by Ercolani in the one case, and by Buffard in the other, are embryos of Habronema. : fiac a Embryos of Habronema are to be found 1n the faec : all times of the year. If these embryos leave the oar pe in penetrating the skin and their subsequent evolution t Zo: up a typical “summer sore," it is difficult to explain ( ) fox seasonal occurrence of the tumours and (2) the massive 1n tion at one point. : is of The life-history of the three species of H abror de that type which involves a simple alternation betwee:

: al inve te harbouring the larval stage. From 4 Ls wane nsideration it seems reasonable to assume that 1t 1s 1 dii

able, should this alternation be broken, that the worm able to carry on its development. To NATUS Before Railliet’s theory can be accepted it will require support of more clinical and experimental evid The

Eer

ence. : inconstant parasite" of Descazeaux, believes ie

ee KNEES Aw C

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being a Habronema larva. A larval Habronema has a closed anus with a very prominent anal operculum in the early stages, and only in the final larval stage is the anus open. It seems possible that the form may an aberrant larva of H microstoma, as is sometimes seen in Musca domestica. It is a possible that the larva does not belong to th

f his theory that embryos of Habronema are capable of developing through their larval stages in the skin of the horse. If the form is a larval Habronema it is certainly aberrant, but there is no proof that it has developed from an embryo in

Tn all other respects their larva resembles that usually found im “summer sores," and it is probable that they failed in

proboscis along with larvae in the final stage,

be p the later s. Therefore, the finding of larvae of an earlier Stage could not be taken as proof of development of the larvae

ct is. i wed, further, that an open wound may develop into a. JPical "summer sore" if the animal is placed in an environ- ment where flies are heavily infested with larvae. | the 1 presumptive evidence in support of his conclusion that wh larvae in the wound escaped from the proboscis of the fly en the latter came to feed upon the raw surface. : . Larvae found by him in “summer sores" were 50 p in i er, and showed marked longitudinal striations in the

| Men e, whereas those found in flies caught in a stable were x Fa nag diameter and showed no longitudinal striations. H

*

. larvae of H. microstoma

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does not mention what means were taken to determine the '

presence or absence of longitudinal striations. In sections x a lesion a transverse section of the larva would clearly revea the presence of the longitudinal striations in the bane Unless transverse sections were made of the larvae isolate from the flies longitudinal striations could not have been demonstrated. If all means were taken to determine the presence or absence of these striations then, one may asse with confidence, that the larvae isolated from the flies by van Saceghem were neither larvae of H. muscae nor H. ne but the larvae of some other species probably not yet desc although there is a possibility that they may have been the There is no proof that the larvae used by van ei e in his experiments were the larvae of H. muscae, as he c pue His experiments are valuable in demonstrating that the ™ i larval stage of Habronema is capable of producing a OA lesion, but they do not help in the specific determination the larva responsible.

It is Dore to note that Descazeaux records the im that a typical “summer sore" may develop without any P a existing wound or sore in the skin (“dans certains bem ie observe des tumeurs parasitaires sans qu'il soit possib "ab déceler la moindre lésion cutanée”). Railliet mentions t9 Li :

se mordant jusqu'au sang"). : It is possible that these observations may show ler x summer sore" does not always result from the infection. th , i ady reached biu

regard to the probable mode of infection are, therefore, n

world. It seems probable that the larvae responsible w ip production of a ‘‘summer sore” are either that of H a EE megastoma or H. muscae, although there is a possibility some unrecorded species may also be responsible.

2. "Swamp cancer" in the Solomon Islands. > the courtesy of Mr. John Scott, the prest

-, Through - j . Writer has had an opportunity of examining specimens of à

»

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granuloma that is commonly found affecting horses in the lomon Islands.

. The following information has also been kindly sup- plied: —About 75 per cent. of horses in the Solomon Islands suffer from a form of “swamp cancer,” which attacks the pasterns only. The tumours vary in shape and size from those showing a flat, raised surface with a diameter of about 1 inch

The

— B D |: o [m a + = D wm D B © 5 E Fy S = | A = A © £5 4

paratively dry, but is subject to very heavy dews. e area is threaded with tidal lagoons, usually closed at the mouth. Horses having no access to swamps or waterholes are commonly affected. The animals are never more distant than a mile from habitations. `

he macroscopic appearance of the tumours is very similar to that of habronemic granulomata. The surface is usually ulcerated. The tumour is very dense and tough, and on section 15 seen to contain numerous yellowish, caseo-calcareous nodules, not usually larger than a millet seed. e necrotic areas are more numerous than seen in tumours occurring in Aus-

A verti r, with an are approximately 10 sg. cm., contained approximately 140 d cribed iffer-

a infiltrated with eosinophile leucocytes. Many of the necrotic ag have been orbed and their place taken by fib wue. T s is seen in various stages here is a

erg terial in the necrotic areas. Larvae showing a c Lt longitudinal ridges are seen in various stages of “generation, It is apparent that the larvae present are not all of the ata age. Many appear to be well preserved and of recent th ent, while others have completely disappeared, leaving only m canals in the necrotic areas. The necrotic areas m Various stages of absorption. It appears, therefore, that

132

the pueneby of ii humpur depends upon a repeated invasion of the tissue by lar

Poe of et have been obtained from lesions, and in the better preserved specimens the characteristic spinous tip at the caudal extremity has been observed. It appears, there- fore, that the tumour is a habronemic granuloma.

DISCUSSION. It is remarkable that such a large percentage of horses becomes affected. As far as is known to the present writer

there is no previous record of animals emu affected to anything approaching the extent of 75 per c

Another point of interest is the fact that. hee occur in animals that are not at any time confined to the stable. This is contrary to the usual experience. The animals, however, are not at any time far distant from habitations, so that one would = to find Musca domestica in numbers in their surroundin

The fact that the tumours occur only in the one situation is of extreme interest. It is not possible, at presen nt, to

A e occurrence of lesions in one situation only does not suggest nd biting flies are in any way responsible. The larvae bear the came characteristics as those found in PIT qe and elsewhere. 3. “Leeches” and Bursattee." _ “Leeches.”—In North America there exists a co tous umen of oe commonly known as ‘‘leeches. cording to many writers the lesions are to be found on the ets and ces parts of the body which are liable to come in contact with water when animals are poer war in s swamps

OMS dene to be no doubt that the older uer ver Ern in as t is condition as a malignant neoplasm

133

rather an insecure nature. No conclusive evidence has been produced demonstrating the condition to be a mycosis. ' Fish (1897) came to the conclusion that the condition was

e describes caseous areas with an irregular or bosselated surface. He describes th e

eucocyte. He also mentions the finding of giant cells in many of the sections. `

e granuloma Fish describes is similar in all essential Characteristics $0 s p cer" and the more chronic

ja. i wis has already agreed that ''leeches" and ‘‘swamp Renee aro probably the same disease. It seems reasonable to conclude, therefore, that under the term *'leeches'' is described a granu closely resembling poe I P cancer" in i acroscopic and microscopic appear- ; and that it is probably a habronemic granuloma. —'*Bursattee," or “Bursati,” 1s the name

‘his condition is classified by Hutyra and Marek as 4 yp. h > e T . “ec eeches. »?

; 1 symptoms are said to consist in the appearance very firm nodules under the skin of the lips, the nasal alae,

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neck, the body and limbs, and, finally, also in the nasal . cavities. The characteristic areas, or Kunkur, are present in the granulation tissue. D t It is extremely difficult to discuss the condition, for i" of the descriptions were given in the early or middle part o the nineteenth century, when any knowledge of pathology was not general. i nd De Haan and Hoogkamer (1903) have described a oen disease occurring in the Sunda Islands. This article is refe > to by Hutyra and Marek. Unfortunately the present writer has had no opportunity of consulting the ori inal article. These authors have claimed that the condition a E a fungus, but appear to have produced no experimen evidence in support of their conclusions. iS : Several of the older writers have described lesions = occurring on the mucous membrane of the mouth, but !

organs. Since caseo-caleareous masses are not